Deepening Our Understanding of COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making amongst Healthcare Workers in Southwest Virginia, USA Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Study Design
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
- Factor 1: Lack of trust in the COVID-19 vaccine
- Factor 2: Anti-science sentiment
- Factor 3: Adverse side-effects
- Factor 4: Situational risk assessment
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HCW | Healthcare Worker |
EFA | Exploratory Factor Analysis |
CFA | Confirmatory Factor Analysis |
TLI | Tucker Lewis Index |
CFI | Comparative Fit Index |
RMSEA | Root Mean Square Error of Approximation |
Appendix A
Exploratory Factor Analysis | Confirmatory Factor Analysis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | |
Factor 1: Lack of trust in the COVID-19 vaccine | 1.000 | 0.767 *** | 0.724 *** | −0.211 *** | 1.000 | 0.882 *** | 0.835 *** | −0.142 ** |
Factor 2: Anti-science sentiment | 0.767 *** | 1.000 | 0.660 *** | −0.143 *** | 0.882 *** | 1.000 | 0.843 *** | −0.163 ** |
Factor 3: Adverse side-effects | 0.724 *** | 0.660 *** | 1.000 | 0.041 | 0.835 *** | 0.843 *** | 1.000 | 0.066 |
Factor 4: Situational risk assessment | −0.211 *** | −0.143 *** | 0.041 | 1.000 | −0.142 ** | −0.163 ** | 0.066 | 1.000 |
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Characteristic | n (%) |
Sex | |
Female | 2019 (82.1%) |
Male | 423 (17.2%) |
Non-Binary | 5 (0.2%) |
Prefer Not to Say | 12 (0.5%) |
Age Group | |
18–24 | 114 (4.6%) |
25–34 | 560 (22.8%) |
35–44 | 545 (22.2%) |
45–54 | 613 (24.9%) |
55–64 | 545 (22.2%) |
65+ | 82 (3.3%) |
Race/Ethnicity | |
Asian | 41 (1.7%) |
Black/ African American | 127 (5.2%) |
Hispanic/Latino(a) | 39 (1.6%) |
Native American or Alaska Native | 16 (0.7%) |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.04%) |
White/Caucasian | 2181 (88.7%) |
Two or More Races | 32 (1.3%) |
Unknown | 22 (0.9%) |
Role at Carilion * | |
Nursing | 827 (33.6%) |
Provider | 194 (7.9%) |
Management | 280 (11.4%) |
Other Responsibilities (Patient Care) | 605 (24.6%) |
Other Responsibilities (Non-Patient Care) | 553 (22.5%) |
Work Setting | |
Outpatient | 767 (31.2%) |
Inpatient | 696 (28.3%) |
Both | 464 (18.9%) |
Other | 490 (19.9%) |
Unsure | 42 (1.7%) |
Hesitancy Status | |
Vaccine Hesitant | 446 (18.1%) |
Vaccine Acceptant | 2013 (81.9%) |
Survey Item | |
Vaccine is ineffective | |
Mean (SD) | 2.20 (±1.02) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
Vaccine is unsafe | |
Mean (SD) | 2.19 (±1.15) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
Vaccine won’t stop the pandemic | |
Mean (SD) | 2.07 (±1.07) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
Vaccine was rushed | |
Mean (SD) | 2.48 (±1.25) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
Vaccine gives COVID-19 | |
Mean (SD) | 1.32 (±0.74) |
Median [Min, Max] | 1 [1, 5] |
Natural immunity is superior | |
Mean (SD) | 2.30 (±1.11) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
I generally avoid vaccines | |
Mean (SD) | 1.62 (±1.06) |
Median [Min, Max] | 1 [1, 5] |
Vaccine is harmful | |
Mean (SD) | 2.00 (±1.10) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
COVID-19 is not dangerous | |
Mean (SD) | 1.45 (±0.86) |
Median [Min, Max] | 1 [1, 5] |
Long-term side-effects | |
Mean (SD) | 3.09 (±1.31) |
Median [Min, Max] | 3 [1, 5] |
Short-term side-effects | |
Mean (SD) | 2.23 (±1.21) |
Median [Min, Max] | 2 [1, 5] |
Pregnancy concerns | |
Mean (SD) | 1.98 (±1.18) |
Median [Min, Max] | 1 [1, 5] |
Risk at work | |
Mean (SD) | 3.00 (±1.29) |
Median [Min, Max] | 3 [1, 5] |
Risk outside work | |
Mean (SD) | 2.96 (±1.13) |
Median [Min, Max] | 3 [1, 5] |
Survey Item | Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccine is ineffective | 0.827 | – | – | – |
Vaccine is unsafe | 0.717 | – | – | – |
Vaccine won’t stop the pandemic | 0.709 | – | – | – |
Not enough data | 0.615 | – | – | – |
Vaccine was rushed | 0.492 | – | 0.387 | – |
Vaccine gives COVID-19 | – | 0.633 | – | – |
Natural immunity is superior | – | 0.503 | – | – |
I generally avoid vaccines | – | 0.499 | – | – |
Vaccine is harmful | – | 0.457 | – | – |
COVID-19 is not dangerous | – | 0.373 | – | – |
Long-term side-effects | – | – | 0.694 | – |
Short-term side-effects | – | 0.339 | 0.491 | – |
Pregnancy concerns | – | – | – | – |
Risk at work | – | – | – | 0.686 |
Risk outside work | – | – | – | 0.677 |
Proportion of Variance Explained | 0.407 | 0.259 | 0.202 | 0.133 |
Number of Survey Items | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | 0.880 | 0.733 | 0.701 | 0.637 |
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Bendetson, J.; Swann, M.C.; Lozano, A.; West, J.; Hanlon, A.L.; Crandell, I.; Jatta, M.; Schleupner, C.J.; Baffoe-Bonnie, A. Deepening Our Understanding of COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making amongst Healthcare Workers in Southwest Virginia, USA Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Vaccines 2023, 11, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030556
Bendetson J, Swann MC, Lozano A, West J, Hanlon AL, Crandell I, Jatta M, Schleupner CJ, Baffoe-Bonnie A. Deepening Our Understanding of COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making amongst Healthcare Workers in Southwest Virginia, USA Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Vaccines. 2023; 11(3):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030556
Chicago/Turabian StyleBendetson, Jesse, Mandy C. Swann, Alicia Lozano, Jennifer West, Alexandra L. Hanlon, Ian Crandell, Maimuna Jatta, Charles J. Schleupner, and Anthony Baffoe-Bonnie. 2023. "Deepening Our Understanding of COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making amongst Healthcare Workers in Southwest Virginia, USA Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis" Vaccines 11, no. 3: 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030556
APA StyleBendetson, J., Swann, M. C., Lozano, A., West, J., Hanlon, A. L., Crandell, I., Jatta, M., Schleupner, C. J., & Baffoe-Bonnie, A. (2023). Deepening Our Understanding of COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making amongst Healthcare Workers in Southwest Virginia, USA Using Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Vaccines, 11(3), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030556