COVID-19 Vaccination Is Not Associated with Psychiatric Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Searching Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Types of Exposures and Outcomes
2.4. Measures
2.5. Types of Moderators
2.6. Quality Assessment
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Assessment of Heterogeneity
2.9. Assessment of Publication Bias
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Quality Assessment
3.4. Outcome Findings
3.4.1. Depression
3.4.2. Anxiety
3.4.3. Distress
3.5. Moderator Analysis
3.5.1. Depression
3.5.2. Anxiety
3.6. Assessment of Heterogeneity
3.7. Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Country | Study Design | Sample Size (Mean Age) | Population (Exposed Cohort, Non-Exposed Cohort) | Follow Up Period | Exposure | Outcome Measurements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposed Cohort | Non-Exposed Cohort | Depression | Anxiety | Distress | ||||||
Wisnivesky et al., 2022 [21] | USA | prospective cohort | 453 (49.9) | COVID-19 patients (324, 129) | 6 months | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | PHQ-8, PROMIS-29 | GAD-7, PROMIS-29 | – |
Alarcon-Ruiz et al., 2022 [18] | Peru | prospective cohort | 861 (72.2) | older adults in Peru (794, 67) | 1 month | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | PHQ-2 | GAD-2 | – |
Chen et al., 2022 [19] | USA | Cross -sectional | 453,167 (55.0) | adults in USA (236,757, 216,410) | - | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | PHQ-2 | GAD-2 | – |
Chourpiliadis et al., 2022 [20] | Sweden | prospective cohort | 7925 (53.4) | adults in Sweden (7056, 869) | 1 month | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | – |
Koltai et al., 2022 [24] | USA | prospective cohort | 8090 (51.0) | adults in USA (–) | 2 weeks | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | – | – | PHQ-4 |
Perez-Arce et al., 2021 [23] | USA | panel | 8027 (53.8) | adults in USA (1643, 6384) | 2 weeks | COVID-19 vaccinated | COVID-19 unvaccinated | – | – | PHQ-4 |
□ | □ | Selection | □ | Comparability | Outcome □ | Total Score | Quality Power | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
□ | [A] | [B] | [C] | [D] | □ | [E] | □ | [F] | [G] | [H] | □ | ||
Wisnivesky et al., 2022 [21] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | □ | □ | ★★★★★★★★ (8) | Good |
Alarcon-Ruiz et al., 2022 [18] | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★★★★★★★ (8) | Good | |
Chen et al., 2022 [19] | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | □ | □ | ★★★★★★★ (7) | Good | |
Chourpiliadis et al., 2022 [20] | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★★★★★★★ (8) | Good | |
Koltai et al., 2022 [24] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | □ | □ | ★★★★★★★★ (8) | Good |
Perez-Arce et al., 2021 [23] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | □ | ★★ | □ | ★ | ★ | □ | □ | ★★★★★★★★ (8) | Good |
Depression | Anxiety | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | k | Coefficient (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value * | p-Value † | k | Coefficient (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value * | p-Value † | |
No. of participants | 9 | −0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00) | 0.679 | 9 | −0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00) | 0.932 | |||||
Follow up period | 8 | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) | 0.001 | 8 | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.04) | <0.001 | |||||
Age | 0.441 | 0.366 | |||||||||
>60 | 2 | 1.39 (0.43 to 4.56) | 2 | 0.66 (0.36 to 1.22) | |||||||
<60 | 7 | 0.87 (0.75 to 1.02) | 7 | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.10) | |||||||
Female rate | 9 | 0.060 | 9 | 0.006 | |||||||
>70% | 4 | −1.20 (−2.78 to 0.37) | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.91) | 0.134 | 4 | −2.04 (−3.93 to −0.16) | 0.65 (0.50 to 0.83) | 0.034 | |||
Others | 5 | 0.95 (0.81 to 1.12) | 5 | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.19) | |||||||
Race | 0.008 | 0.497 | |||||||||
White | 3 | −0.92 (−1.48 to −0.35) | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) | 0.001 | 3 | 0.36 (−0.17 to 0.88) | 0.77 (0.52 to 1.14) | 0.182 | |||
Others | 6 | 1.07 (0.88 to 1.30) | 6 | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.16) | |||||||
Married | 0.038 | 0.017 | |||||||||
Yes | 2 | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.89) | 2 | 0.64 (0.48 to 0.85) | |||||||
No | 7 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.13) | 7 | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.13) | |||||||
History of COVID-19 | 0.011 | 0.007 | |||||||||
Yes | 4 | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.29) | 4 | 1.11 (0.88 to 1.39) | |||||||
No | 5 | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.88) | 5 | 0.73 (0.61 to 0.88) | |||||||
Measures | 0.015 | 0.791 | |||||||||
PHQ-2 | 3 | 0.83 (0.78 to 0.88) | GAD-2 | 3 | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.17) | ||||||
PHQ-8 | 2 | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.43) | GAD-7 | 4 | 0.90 (0.64 to 1.25) | ||||||
PHQ-9 | 2 | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.83) | PROMIS-29 | 2 | 0.93 (0.58 to 1.51) | ||||||
PROMIS-29 | 2 | □ | 1.02 (0.79 to 1.33) | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
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Lee, S.-E.; Shim, S.-R.; Youn, J.-H.; Han, H.-W. COVID-19 Vaccination Is Not Associated with Psychiatric Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines 2023, 11, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010194
Lee S-E, Shim S-R, Youn J-H, Han H-W. COVID-19 Vaccination Is Not Associated with Psychiatric Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines. 2023; 11(1):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010194
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Sang-Eun, Sung-Ryul Shim, Jung-Hae Youn, and Hyun-Wook Han. 2023. "COVID-19 Vaccination Is Not Associated with Psychiatric Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis" Vaccines 11, no. 1: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010194
APA StyleLee, S. -E., Shim, S. -R., Youn, J. -H., & Han, H. -W. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccination Is Not Associated with Psychiatric Adverse Events: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 11(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010194