The Waxing, Waning, and Predictors of Humoral Responses to Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Enrollment of Study Cohort
2.2. Vaccination Schedule and Measurement of Humoral Response after Vaccination
2.3. Collection of Patient Characteristics and Adverse Events after Vaccination
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Enrolled Patients
3.2. Humoral Responses of HD Patients and HCWs after Vaccination
3.3. The Adverse Events after Vaccination and Their Associations with Humoral Responses
3.4. Independent Predictors of Humoral Responses and Antibody Waning after Vaccination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Profiles | |
Age (year), median (IQR) | 64 (55–70) |
Female, n (%) | 185 (48.05) |
BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 22.10 (19.50–24.70) |
Dry Body Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 58.00 (51.00–66.60) |
HD Vintage (year), median (IQR) | 5.62 (2.56–14.31) |
Urea Reduction Ratio, median (IQR) | 0.74 (0.69–0.78) |
Kt/V, median (IQR) | 1.63 (1.39–1.86) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 137 (35.58) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 201 (52.21) |
Chronic Hepatitis B, n (%) | 55 (14.29) |
Chronic Hepatitis C, n (%) | 31 (8.05) |
SLE, n (%) | 13 (3.38) |
Transplantation History #, n (%) | 15 (3.90) |
Immunosuppressant, n (%) | 40 (10.39) |
Clinical Profiles | |
Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR) | 108.00 (101.00–114.00) |
Leukocyte (109/L), median (IQR) | 6.10 (5.10–7.30) |
Platelet (109/L), median (IQR) | 180.00 (147.00–222.50) |
BUN (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 22.85 (19.28–27.13) |
SCr (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 935.27 (811.07–1086.88) |
Alb (g/L), median (IQR) | 40.40 (38.40–42.05) |
ALT (μkat/L), median (IQR) | 0.20 (0.15–0.28) |
Total Bilirubin (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 5.13 (3.42–6.84) |
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.07 (3.52–4.69) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.30 (0.88–2.07) |
Ferritin (μg/L), median (IQR) | 308.10 (179.05–462.25) |
Transferrin Saturation (%), median (IQR) | 28.37 (22.25–35.90) |
Potassium (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 4.80 (4.30–5.20) |
Total Calcium (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 2.38 (2.25–2.53) |
Phosphorus (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.62 (1.36–1.89) |
Intact-PTH (ng/L), median (IQR) | 254.90 (73.35–550.00) |
CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 3.01 (1.24–6.56) |
ACOV2S Levels before and after Second Dose of Vaccination | ||
---|---|---|
ACOV2S (U/mL), Median (IQR) | Seroconversion (≥0.8 U/mL), n (%) | |
Week 0 | 23.10 (7.30–56.60) | 356 (92.47) |
Week 4 | 602.00 (307.50–1623.00) | 381 (98.96) |
Week 8 | 449.00 (203.00–1258.00) | 381 (98.96) |
Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95%CI) | SE | p-Value | |
Week 0 ACOV2S (Log U/mL) | Reference | Reference | |||
Week 4 ACOV2S (Log U/mL) | 1.5539 (1.4791–1.6286) | <0.001 * | 1.5539 (1.4791–1.6286) | 0.0381 | <0.001 ** |
Week 8 ACOV2S (Log U/mL) | 1.3982 (1.3248–1.4716) | <0.001 * | 1.3982 (1.3248–1.4716) | 0.0374 | <0.001 ** |
Age (year) | −0.0142 (−0.0089–−0.0195) | <0.001 * | −0.0134 (−0.0071–−0.0197) | 0.0032 | <0.001 ** |
Female | 0.0506 (−0.0708–0.1720) | 0.414 | 0.0893 (−0.0452–0.2238) | 0.0686 | 0.193 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.0007 (−0.0139–0.0125) | 0.917 | −0.0045 (−0.0173–0.0083) | 0.0065 | 0.491 |
Diabetes | −0.0808 (−0.2098–0.0482) | 0.220 | −0.0631 (−0.1966–0.0704) | 0.0681 | 0.354 |
HD vintage (year) | 0.0025 (−0.0058–0.0107) | 0.557 | 0.0028 (−0.0057–0.0113) | 0.0043 | 0.518 |
Urea Reduction Ratio | 0.2302 (−0.7168–1.1771) | 0.634 | |||
Kt/V | 0.1032 (−0.0607–0.2670) | 0.217 | |||
Dry Body Weight (kg) | 0.0008 (−0.0032–0.0047) | 0.703 | |||
Hypertension | −0.1019 (−0.2229–0.0192) | 0.099 # | −0.0633 (−0.1758–0.0492) | 0.0574 | 0.270 |
Chronic Hepatitis B | 0.1590 (−0.0001–0.3182) | 0.050 # | 0.0894 (−0.0695–0.2483) | 0.0811 | 0.270 |
Chronic Hepatitis C | 0.0679 (−0.1622–0.2980) | 0.563 | |||
SLE | −0.1829 (−0.5521–0.1862) | 0.331 | |||
Transplantation History | −0.1983 (−0.5873–0.1907) | 0.318 | |||
Immunosuppressant | −0.2034 (−0.4246–0.0179) | 0.072 # | −0.2546 (−0.0451–−0.4640) | 0.1069 | 0.017 ** |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | −0.0039 (−0.0089–0.0011) | 0.125 | |||
Leukocyte (109/L) | 0.0298 (−0.0031–0.0628) | 0.076 # | 0.0042 (−0.0325–0.0410) | 0.0187 | 0.821 |
Platelet (109/L) | 0.0018 (0.0009–0.0028) | <0.001 * | 0.0007 (−0.0004–0.0018) | 0.0006 | 0.206 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 0.0108 (0.0010–0.0206) | 0.031 * | 0.0083 (−0.0043–0.0209) | 0.0064 | 0.195 |
SCr (μmol/L) | 0.0005 (0.0002–0.0008) | 0.001 * | 0.0001 (−0.0003–0.0006) | 0.0002 | 0.552 |
Alb (g/L) | 0.0080 (−0.0130–0.0289) | 0.455 | |||
ALT (μkat/L) | −0.2010 (−0.4511–0.0491) | 0.115 | |||
Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | −0.0092 (−0.0250–0.0065) | 0.251 | |||
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.0520 (−0.0080–0.1119) | 0.089 # | 0.0025 (−0.0577–0.0627) | 0.0307 | 0.935 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.0253 (−0.0107–0.0612) | 0.168 | |||
Ferritin (10 μg/L) | −0.0004 (−0.0012–0.0005) | 0.391 | |||
Transferrin Saturation (%) | −0.0012 (−0.0073–0.0049) | 0.704 | |||
Potassium (mmol/L) | −0.0186 (−0.1236–0.0864) | 0.728 | |||
Total Calcium (mmol/L) | −0.0363 (−0.3543–0.2816) | 0.823 | |||
Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 0.1274 (−0.0095–0.2644) | 0.068 # | −0.0712 (−0.2489–0.1065) | 0.0907 | 0.432 |
Intact-PTH (10 ng/L) | 0.0010 (−0.0001–0.0019) | 0.078 # | 0.0002 (−0.0008–0.0012) | 0.0005 | 0.694 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.0081 (0.0014–0.0148) | 0.018 * | 0.0082 (0.0014–0.0149) | 0.0035 | 0.018 ** |
Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | SE | p-Value | |
Week 4 ACOV2S (Log U/mL) | Reference | Reference | |||
Week 8 ACOV2S (Log U/mL) | −0.1558 (−0.1401–−0.1715) | <0.001 * | −0.1558 (−0.1401–−0.1715) | 0.0080 | <0.001 ** |
Age (year) | −0.0122 (−0.0060–−0.0183) | <0.001 * | −0.0067 (−0.0140–0.0005) | 0.0037 | 0.070 |
Female | −0.0421 (−0.1813–0.0970) | 0.553 | −0.0160 (−0.1730–0.1410) | 0.0801 | 0.841 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.0001 (−0.0147–0.0149) | 0.992 | −0.0082 (−0.0225–0.0062) | 0.0073 | 0.264 |
Diabetes | −0.0569 (−0.2091–0.0953) | 0.464 | −0.0500 (−0.2079–0.1079) | 0.0806 | 0.535 |
HD vintage (year) | −0.0015 (−0.0108–0.0079) | 0.760 | −0.0012 (−0.0110–0.0086) | 0.0050 | 0.810 |
Urea Reduction Ratio | −0.0556 (-1.1037–0.9924) | 0.917 | |||
Kt/V | 0.0324 (−0.1486–0.2133) | 0.726 | |||
Dry Body Weight (kg) | 0.0019 (−0.0024–0.0061) | 0.390 | |||
Hypertension | −0.0600 (−0.1989–0.0790) | 0.397 | |||
Chronic Hepatitis B | 0.1584 (−0.0020–0.3187) | 0.053 # | 0.0986 (−0.0544–0.2515) | 0.0780 | 0.206 |
Chronic Hepatitis C | 0.1453 (−0.1046–0.3953) | 0.254 | |||
SLE | −0.1843 (−0.5396–0.1709) | 0.309 | |||
Transplantation History | −0.1812 (−0.6343–0.2718) | 0.433 | |||
Immunosuppressant | −0.1759 (−0.4132–0.0613) | 0.146 | |||
Hemoglobin (g/L) | −0.0048 (−0.0103–0.0007) | 0.085 # | −0.0057 (−0.0114–0.0000) | 0.0029 | 0.051 |
Leukocyte (109/L) | 0.0257 (−0.0098–0.0613) | 0.156 | |||
Platelet (109/L) | 0.0021 (0.0010–0.0031) | <0.001 * | 0.0014 (0.0002–0.0025) | 0.0006 | 0.017 ** |
BUN (mmol/L) | 0.0133 (0.0018–0.0249) | 0.024 * | 0.0047 (−0.0100–0.0194) | 0.0075 | 0.530 |
SCr (μmol/L) | 0.0005 (0.0002–0.0009) | 0.005 * | 0.0004 (−0.0002–0.0009) | 0.0003 | 0.211 |
Alb (g/L) | −0.0069 (−0.0290–0.0152) | 0.542 | |||
ALT (μkat/L) | −0.0356 (−0.2974–0.2262) | 0.790 | |||
Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | −0.0072 (−0.0243–0.0099) | 0.408 | |||
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.0149 (−0.0554–0.0852) | 0.678 | |||
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.0491 (0.0063–0.0919) | 0.024 * | 0.0266 (−0.0147–0.0680) | 0.0211 | 0.207 |
Ferritin (10 μg/L) | −0.0002 (−0.0011–0.0006) | 0.603 | |||
Transferrin Saturation (%) | −0.0012 (−0.0074–0.0051) | 0.713 | |||
Potassium (mmol/L) | −0.0200 (−0.1397–0.0996) | 0.743 | |||
Total Calcium (mmol/L) | −0.0099 (−0.3637–0.3439) | 0.956 | |||
Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 0.1967 (0.0465–0.3469) | 0.010 * | −0.0085 (−0.2140–0.1971) | 0.1049 | 0.936 |
Intact-PTH (10 ng/L) | 0.0014 (0.0002–0.0025) | 0.019 * | 0.0007 (−0.0004–0.0019) | 0.0006 | 0.229 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.0154 (0.0080–0.0228) | <0.001 * | 0.0137 (0.0059–0.0215) | 0.0040 | 0.001 ** |
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Fu, C.-M.; Tsai, K.-F.; Kuo, W.-H.; Wu, C.-H.; Yu, C.-I.; You, H.-L.; Lee, C.-T. The Waxing, Waning, and Predictors of Humoral Responses to Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091537
Fu C-M, Tsai K-F, Kuo W-H, Wu C-H, Yu C-I, You H-L, Lee C-T. The Waxing, Waning, and Predictors of Humoral Responses to Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients. Vaccines. 2022; 10(9):1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091537
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Chung-Ming, Kai-Fan Tsai, Wei-Hung Kuo, Chien-Hsing Wu, Ching-I Yu, Huey-Ling You, and Chien-Te Lee. 2022. "The Waxing, Waning, and Predictors of Humoral Responses to Vector-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Hemodialysis Patients" Vaccines 10, no. 9: 1537. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091537