Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Calculation of Weekly SARS-CoV-2 Case Numbers
2.2. Calculation of Weekly Influenza Case Numbers
2.3. SARS-CoV-2 Immunization Coverage
2.4. Influenza Immunization Coverage
2.5. Association between Out-of-Season Influenza Outbreak and Climatic Variations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Hospitalizations | Cases * | Month(s) with the Highest Number of Cases (S6–8) | Circulating Strain (S1–3,8) | Trivalent Vaccine Strains (S5) | Vaccination Coverage (S4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2484 | 191,076 | May–June | A/(H1N1)pdm09 ** | A/California/(H1N1) pdm09 A/Hong Kong/(H3N2) B/Brisbane | 91% |
2017 | 1155 | 88,846 | May–June | A/(H3N2) | A/Michigan/(H1N1)pdm09 A/Hong Kong/(H3N2) B/Brisbane | 85% |
2018 | 1898 | 146,000 | May–June | A/(H1N1)pdm09 | A/Michigan/(H1N1)pdm09 A/Singapore/(H3N2) B/Phuket | 78% |
2019 | 2394 | 184,154 | May–June | A/(H1N1)pdm09 | A/Michigan/(H1N1)pdm09 A/Switzerland/(H3N2) B/Victoria | 93% |
2020 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | A/Brisbane/(H1N1)pdm09 A/South Australia/(H3N2) B/Washington | 91% |
2021 | 885 | 68,077 | November | A/Darwin (H3N2) | A/Victoria/(H1N1)pdm09 A/Hong Kong/(H3N2) B/Victoria | 58% |
Year | Minimum (°C) | Mean (°C) | Maximum (°C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
October Only | November Only | Whole Year | Whole Year | October Only | November Only | Whole Year | |
2016 | 21.17 (20.2–22.14) | 22.04 (21.12–22.96) | 21.62 (20.58–22.65) | 22.16 (21.13–23.2) | 22.42 (21.51–23.34) | 23.11 (22.22–24.01) | 22.74 (21.71–23.77) |
2017 | 22.33 (21.61–23.06) | 22.01 (21.15–22.87) | 21.58 (20.68–22.47) | 22.15 (21.27–23.04) | 23.77 (23.08–24.46) | 23.09 (22.23–23.95) | 22.76 (21.88–23.65) |
2018 | 21.74 (20.8–22.67) | 22.34 (21.36–23.32) | 21.07 (20–22.13) | 21.71 (20.69–22.73) | 22.67 (21.72–23.61) | 23.35 (22.36–24.33) | 22.15 (21.08–23.22) |
2019 | 22.42 (21.54–23.31) | 22.12 (21.23–23.01) | 22.1 (21.18–23.03) | 22.67 (21.74–23.6) | 23.57 (22.69–24.45) | 23.11 (22.23–24) | 23.27 (22.34–24.2) |
2020 | 23.2 23.07–23.33) | 22.81 (22.62–23) | 22.14 (21.18–23.03) | 22.69 (21.74–23.6) | 24.33 (24.21–24.45) | 23.91 (23.76–24.05) | 23.27 (22.57–23.97) |
2021 | 20.39 (19.3–21.48) | 21.05 (20.16–21.94) | 21.11 (20.19–22.04) | 21.68 (20.76–22.6) | 21.27 (20.14–22.39) | 22.12 (21.24–23.01) | 22.28 (22.57–23.97) |
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Nott, R.; Fuller, T.L.; Brasil, P.; Nielsen-Saines, K. Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters. Vaccines 2022, 10, 821. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050821
Nott R, Fuller TL, Brasil P, Nielsen-Saines K. Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters. Vaccines. 2022; 10(5):821. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050821
Chicago/Turabian StyleNott, Rohini, Trevon L. Fuller, Patrícia Brasil, and Karin Nielsen-Saines. 2022. "Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters" Vaccines 10, no. 5: 821. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050821
APA StyleNott, R., Fuller, T. L., Brasil, P., & Nielsen-Saines, K. (2022). Out-of-Season Influenza during a COVID-19 Void in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Temperature Matters. Vaccines, 10(5), 821. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050821