Willingness to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Study Design
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine
3.3. Influencing Factors of Vaccination Acceptance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Sample (n = 1067) |
---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |
Age | |
60–75 years old | 801 (75.07) |
≥76 years old | 266 (24.93) |
Gender | |
Males | 520 (48.73) |
Females | 547 (51.27) |
Immigration status | |
Residents | 537 (50.33) |
Immigrants | 530 (49.67) |
Education | |
Middle school and below | 441 (41.33) |
High school | 303 (28.40) |
Associate, Bachelor’s, or above | 323 (30.27) |
Marital status | |
Married | 808 (75.73) |
Single, divorced, or widowed | 259 (24.28) |
Monthly income | |
<3000 | 414 (38.80) |
3000–5000 | 431 (40.39) |
≥5000 | 222 (20.80) |
Health-related characteristics | |
Health insurance | |
Have | 1013 (94.94) |
Do not have | 54 (5.06) |
History of influenza vaccination | |
Yes | 158 (14.81) |
No | 909 (85.19) |
History of pneumonia vaccination | |
Yes | 468 (43.86) |
No | 599 (56.14) |
Previous adverse reaction | |
Yes | 77 (7.22) |
No | 990 (92.78) |
Self-reported physical health condition (current) | |
Good or above | 647 (60.64) |
Moderate | 352 (32.99) |
Bad or below | 68 (6.37) |
Self-reported chronic medical conditions 1 | |
Yes | 863 (80.88) |
No | 204 (19.12) |
Variables | Willing to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccination (n = 970) | Unwilling to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccination (n = 97) | χ2 | p | OR (95%CI) | Cramer V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Age | 3.704 | 0.054 | 0.059 | |||
60–75 years old | 736 (75.88) | 65 (67.01) | Ref. | |||
≥75 years old | 234 (24.12) | 32 (32.09) | 1.548 (0.989–2.424) | |||
Gender | 3.106 | 0.078 | −0.054 | |||
Males | 481 (49.59) | 39 (40.21) | Ref. | |||
Females | 489 (50.41) | 58 (59.79) | 1.462 (0.956–2.237) | |||
Immigration status | 14.996 | <0.001 | −0.119 | |||
Residents | 470 (48.45) | 67 (69.07) | Ref. | |||
Immigrants | 500 (51.55) | 30 (30.93) | 0.421 (0.269–0.659) | |||
Education | 42.195 | <0.001 | ||||
Less than junior high school degree | 373 (38.45) | 68 (70.10) | Ref. | 0.192 | ||
Junior high school | 283 (29.18) | 20 (20.62) | 2.580 (1.531–4.347) | |||
High school or above | 314 (32.37) | 9 (9.28) | 6.360 (3.123–12.953) | |||
Marital status | 1.237 | 0.266 | 0.770 (0.485–1.224) | −0.034 | ||
Married | 739 (76.20) | 69 (71.13) | ||||
Single, divorced, or widowed | 231 (23.80) | 28 (28.87) | ||||
Monthly income | 22.650 | <0.001 | ||||
<3000 | 355 (36.60) | 59 (60.82) | Ref. | 0.146 | ||
3000–5000 | 409 (42.16) | 22 (22.68) | 3.090 (1.856–5.144) | |||
≥5000 | 206 (21.24) | 16 (16.50) | 2.140 (1.200–3.816) | |||
Health-related characteristics | ||||||
Health insurance | 0.002 | 0.965 | 0.001 | |||
Have | 921 (94.95) | 92 (94.85) | Ref. | |||
Do not have | 49 (5.05) | 5 (5.15) | 1.021 (0.397–2.628) | |||
History of influenza vaccination | 7.882 | 0.005 | 0.086 | |||
Yes | 153 (15.77) | 5 (5.15) | Ref. | |||
No | 817 (84.23) | 92 (94.85) | 3.446 (1.378–8.616) | |||
History of pneumonia vaccination | 27.747 | <0.001 | 0.161 | |||
Yes | 450 (46.39) | 18 (18.56) | Ref. | |||
No | 520 (53.61) | 79 (81.44) | 3.798 (2.242–6.435) | |||
Previous adverse reaction | 1.524 | 0.217 | 0.038 | |||
Yes | 73 (7.53) | 4 (4.12) | Ref. | |||
No | 897 (92.47) | 93 (95.88) | 1.892 (0.676–5.294) | |||
Self-reported physical health condition (current) | 59.354 | <0.001 | ||||
Good or above | 616 (63.50) | 31 (32.00) | Ref. | 0.236 | ||
Moderate | 307 (31.65) | 45 (46.40) | 0.343 (0.213,0.554) | |||
Bad or below | 47 (4.85) | 21 (21.60) | 0.113 (0.060,0.211) | |||
Self-reported chronic medical conditions | 0.155 | 0.694 | 0.012 | |||
Yes | 786 (81.03) | 77 (79.38) | Ref. | |||
No | 184 (18.97) | 20 (20.62) | 1.110 (0.661,1.862) |
Willing Mean (SD) | Unwilling Mean (SD) | p | Bivariate OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived likelihood of COVID-19 infection | 2.15 (1.00) | 2.23 (1.14) | 0.432 | 0.923 (0.756–1.127) |
Perceived severity of COVID-19 infection | 3.08 (1.14) | 3.13 (1.25) | 0.648 | 0.959 (0.799–1.149) |
Perceived burden of COVID-19 infection | 3.75 (0.98) | 3.65 (1.08) | 0.356 | 1.104 (0.895–1.362) |
Perceived safety of the COVID-19 vaccine | 3.71 (0.91) | 3.11 (0.97) | <0.001 | 1.969 (1.575–2.463) |
Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine | 4.14 (0.80) | 3.49 (0.96) | <0.001 | 2.494 (1.923–3.236) |
Perceived necessity for a COVID-19 vaccine | 3.89 (1.01) | 2.77 (0.97) | <0.001 | 2.146 (1.818–2.532) |
Perceived benefit of the COVID-19 vaccine | 4.30 (0.85) | 3.41 (0.86) | <0.001 | 2.967 (2.304–3.817) |
Worry about adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination | 3.07 (1.06) | 2.52 (0.87) | <0.001 | 0.612 (0.501–0.748) |
Trust in the vaccine delivery system | 3.68 (0.89) | 3.55 (0.87) | 0.167 | 1.185 (0.932–1.508) |
Trust in the suggestion of a doctor | 4.17 (0.95) | 3.42 (0.85) | <0.001 | 2.083 (1.692–2.571) |
Importance of vaccination convenience | 2.31 (1.02) | 2.77 (1.01) | <0.001 | 0.654 (0.536–0.797) |
Impact of vaccination doses on willingness | 2.29 (1.00) | 2.69 (0.97) | <0.001 | 0.674 (0.549–0.828) |
OR (95%CI) | p | |
---|---|---|
Immigration status | ||
Residents | Ref. | |
Immigrants | 1.988 (1.062–3.717) | 0.032 |
Age | ||
60–75 years old | Ref. | |
≥75 years old | 0.498 (0.264–0.939) | 0.031 |
Education | ||
Less than junior high school degree | Ref. | |
Junior high school | 2.724 (1.000–7.423) | 0.050 |
High school or above | 3.993 (1.576–10.119) | 0.004 |
Monthly income | ||
<3000 | Ref. | |
3000–5000 | 2.770 (1.144–6.711) | 0.024 |
>5000 | 2.309 (1.003–5.319) | 0.049 |
Self-reported physical health condition (current) | Ref. | |
Good or above | ||
Moderate | 0.444 (0.192–1.028) | 0.058 |
Bad or below | 0.229 (0.095–0.549) | 0.001 |
History of influenza vaccination | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 2.414 (0.757–7.698) | 0.137 |
History of pneumonia vaccination | ||
No | Ref. | |
Yes | 2.138 (1.016–4.500) | 0.045 |
Perceived safety of the COVID-19 vaccine | 1.508 (1.073–2.119) | 0.018 |
Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine | 1.595 (0.961–2.646) | 0.071 |
Perceived necessity for a COVID-19 vaccine | 2.604 (1.946–3.484) | <0.001 |
Perceived benefit of the COVID-19 vaccine | 1.511 (0.878–2.604) | 0.136 |
Worried about adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination | 0.503 (0.364–0.695) | <0.001 |
Trust in the suggestion of a doctor | 1.706 (1.115–2.618) | 0.014 |
Importance of vaccination convenience | 0.993 (0.580–1.701) | 0.980 |
Impact of vaccination doses on willingness | 0.853 (0.496–1.466) | 0.565 |
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Wu, L.; Wang, X.; Li, R.; Huang, Z.; Guo, X.; Liu, J.; Yan, H.; Sun, X. Willingness to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China. Vaccines 2022, 10, 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050654
Wu L, Wang X, Li R, Huang Z, Guo X, Liu J, Yan H, Sun X. Willingness to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China. Vaccines. 2022; 10(5):654. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050654
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Linlin, Xiaolan Wang, Ruiping Li, Zhuoying Huang, Xiang Guo, Jiechen Liu, Han Yan, and Xiaodong Sun. 2022. "Willingness to Receive a COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanghai, China" Vaccines 10, no. 5: 654. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050654