COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Arab Americans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Survey Items
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics and COVID-19 Beliefs
3.2. COVID-19 Vaccine Compliance
3.3. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
3.4. Factors Associated with Vaccine Hesitancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Question | All (N = 1746) |
---|---|
What is your age?—no. (%) | |
18–29 years old | 883 (51) |
30–39 years old | 250 (14) |
40–49 years old | 196 (11) |
50–59 years old | 223 (13) |
60–69 years old | 129 (7) |
70+ years old | 65 (4) |
What is your gender?—no. (%) | |
Male | 779 (45) |
Female | 960 (55) |
Other | 3 (0) |
Unknown | 4 (0) |
What is your highest level of education?—no. (%) | |
Less than a high school degree | 12 (1) |
High school degree or GED | 144 (8) |
College | 295 (17) |
Associate’s degree | 78 (4) |
Bachelor’s degree | 505 (29) |
Master’s degree | 270 (15) |
Doctorate | 442 (25) |
What is your country of origin?—no. (%) | |
Arabian Peninsula | 64 (4) |
Fertile Crescent | 1667 (95) |
Greater Maghreb | 15 (1) |
Which of the following best describes you?—no. (%) | |
I was born and raised in the US | 752 (43) |
I am an immigrant | 871 (50) |
I am a refugee | 33 (2) |
Other | 90 (5) |
What is your yearly household income?—no. (%) | |
<20 K | 74 (4) |
20 K–50 K | 171 (10) |
50 K–75 K | 207 (12) |
75 K–100 K | 204 (12) |
100 K–150 K | 241 (14) |
>150 K | 572 (33) |
Unknown | 277 (16) |
Were you diagnosed with COVID-19?—no. (%) | |
No | 1338 (77) |
Yes | 407 (23) |
Unknown | 1 (0) |
I believe that vaccinations in general are effective at preventing diseases: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 16 (1) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 110 (6) |
Agree | 1587 (91) |
Unknown | 33 (2) |
I believe that all CDC recommended vaccinations are safe: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 104 (6) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 355 (20) |
Agree | 1254 (72) |
Unknown | 33 (2) |
I am hesitant towards receiving any vaccinations (i.e., flu shot, tDAP, HPV, etc.): —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 1309 (75) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 229 (13) |
Agree | 175 (10) |
Unknown | 33 (2) |
I believe I am up-to-date on my vaccinations in general: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 54 (3) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 89 (5) |
Agree | 1570 (90) |
Unknown | 33 (2) |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing COVID-19: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 106 (6) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 202 (12) |
Agree | 1402 (80) |
Unknown | 36 (2) |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 69 (4) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 280 (16) |
Agree | 1364 (78) |
Unknown | 33 (2) |
I would encourage my family or friends to get COVID-19 vaccine: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 63 (4) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 165 (9) |
Agree | 1480 (85) |
Unknown | 38 (2) |
When available, I plan to have my kid(s) receive the COVID-19 vaccine: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 118 (7) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 123 (7) |
Agree | 752 (43) |
Do not have any children | 697 (40) |
Unknown | 56 (3) |
I am afraid of the new COVID-19 variants: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 323 (18) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 471 (27) |
Agree | 892 (51) |
Unknown | 60 (3) |
Have you received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine? —no. (%) | |
Yes | 1603 (92) |
No | 105 (6) |
Unknown | 38 (2) |
Survey Question | N = 1603 |
---|---|
If yes, which shot did you receive?—no. (%) | |
Pfizer | 982 (61) |
Moderna | 530 (33) |
Johnson & Johnson | 62 (4) |
Other | 10 (1) |
Unknown | 19 (1) |
If you took a COVID-19 vaccination that requires two shots (e.g., Moderna or Pfizer), have you received your second dose?—no. (%) | |
No, but plan on receiving 2nd dose | 16 (1) |
No, and I don’t plan on receiving 2nd dose | 2 (0) |
Yes | 1507 (94) |
Unknown | 78 (5) |
When available, I plan on receiving a booster shot for COVID-19 vaccine: —no. (%) | |
Disagree | 133 (8) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 239 (15) |
Agree | 1172 (73) |
Unknown | 59 (4) |
Reasons—No. (%) | N = 143 |
---|---|
Safety concerns/side effects | 90 (86) |
Distrust in healthcare system/Vaccines/government | 73 (70) |
Religious beliefs/Personal beliefs | 22 (21) |
Already had COVID-19 | 7 (7) |
Univariate a | Multivariate b | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E/N | OR (95% CI) | p | E/N | OR (95% CI) | p | |
What is your age? | 0.001 c | 0.034 c | ||||
18–29 years old | 70/857 | Reference | 55/701 | Reference | ||
30–39 years old | 17/246 | 0.835 (0.467, 1.413) | 0.519 | 15/225 | 0.754 (0.305, 1.798) | 0.531 |
40–49 years old | 10/194 | 0.611 (0.291, 1.155) | 0.157 | 5/169 | 0.181 (0.043, 0.639) | 0.013 |
50+ years old | 8/411 | 0.223 (0.098, 0.441) | <0.001 | 8/320 | 0.292 (0.090, 0.875) | 0.033 |
What is your gender? | ||||||
Male | 34/754 | Reference | 27/624 | Reference | ||
Female | 71/948 | 1.714 (1.135, 2.639) | 0.012 | 56/791 | 1.741 (0.880, 3.545) | 0.117 |
What is your highest level of education? | 0.004 c | 0.076 c | ||||
High school degree or less | 16/147 | Reference | 11/110 | Reference | ||
College | 60/859 | 0.615 (0.352, 1.133) | 0.101 | 50/708 | 0.352 (0.117, 1.089) | 0.064 |
Graudate degree | 29/702 | 0.353 (0.189, 0.682) | 0.001 | 22/597 | 0.730 (0.238, 2.362) | 0.588 |
What is your country of origin? | ||||||
Arabian Peninsula/Greater Maghreb | 8/76 | Reference | 6/57 | Reference | ||
Fertile Crescent | 97/1632 | 0.537 (0.265, 1.240) | 0.109 | 77/1358 | 1.146 (0.284, 5.090) | 0.853 |
Which of the following best describes you? | <0.001 c | 0.002 c | ||||
I was born and raised in the US | 69/733 | Reference | 54/615 | Reference | ||
I am an immigrant | 31/855 | 0.362 (0.231, 0.555) | <0.001 | 27/710 | 0.380 (0.182, 0.767) | 0.008 |
Other | 5/120 | 0.418 (0.144, 0.963) | 0.066 | 2/90 | 0.082 (0.010, 0.401) | 0.006 |
What is your yearly household income? | 0.001 c | 0.785 c | ||||
<50 K | 22/242 | Reference | 22/234 | Reference | ||
50 K–100 K | 31/397 | 0.847 (0.481, 1.516) | 0.569 | 31/387 | 0.970 (0.413, 2.294) | 0.944 |
>100 K | 30/801 | 0.389 (0.221, 0.695) | 0.001 | 30/794 | 0.768 (0.315, 1.891) | 0.562 |
Were you diagnosed with COVID-19? | ||||||
No | 54/1310 | Reference | 42/1099 | Reference | ||
Yes | 51/397 | 3.428 (2.293, 5.121) | <0.001 | 41/316 | 1.882 (0.983, 3.601) | 0.055 |
I believe I am up-to-date on my vaccinations in general: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 40/140 | Reference | 32/116 | Reference | ||
Agree | 65/1568 | 0.108 (0.070, 0.169) | <0.001 | 51/1299 | 0.359 (0.170, 0.756) | 0.007 |
I believe that vaccinations in general are effective at preventing diseases: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 48/123 | Reference | 38/94 | Reference | ||
Agree | 57/1585 | 0.058 (0.037, 0.091) | <0.001 | 45/1321 | 0.473 (0.224, 0.996) | 0.049 |
I believe that all CDC recommended vaccinations are safe: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 90/455 | Reference | 72/358 | Reference | ||
Agree | 15/1253 | 0.049 (0.027, 0.083) | <0.001 | 11/1057 | 0.497 (0.203, 1.174) | 0.116 |
I am hesitant towards receiving any vaccinations (i.e., flu shot, tDAP, HPV, etc.): | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 59/1535 | Reference | 46/1277 | Reference | ||
Agree | 46/173 | 9.061 (5.902, 13.863) | <0.001 | 37/138 | 2.893 (1.429, 5.870) | 0.003 |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccines are effective at preventing COVID-19: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 92/304 | Reference | 73/234 | Reference | ||
Agree | 13/1401 | 0.022 (0.011, 0.038) | <0.001 | 10/1181 | 0.136 (0.055, 0.310) | <0.001 |
I believe that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 95/345 | Reference | 75/268 | Reference | ||
Agree | 10/1363 | 0.019 (0.009, 0.036) | <0.001 | 8/1147 | 0.144 (0.052, 0.366) | <0.001 |
I am afraid of the new COVID-19 variants: | ||||||
Disagree or neutral | 80/794 | Reference | 62/664 | Reference | ||
Agree | 25/892 | 0.257 (0.159, 0.402) | <0.001 | 21/751 | 0.644 (0.314, 1.299) | 0.223 |
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Kheil, M.H.; Jain, D.; Jomaa, J.; Askar, B.; Alcodray, Y.; Wahbi, S.; Brikho, S.; Kadouh, A.; Harajli, D.; Jawad, Z.N.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Arab Americans. Vaccines 2022, 10, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040610
Kheil MH, Jain D, Jomaa J, Askar B, Alcodray Y, Wahbi S, Brikho S, Kadouh A, Harajli D, Jawad ZN, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Arab Americans. Vaccines. 2022; 10(4):610. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040610
Chicago/Turabian StyleKheil, Mira H., Deepti Jain, Jamil Jomaa, Brandon Askar, Yasmeen Alcodray, Shatha Wahbi, Salar Brikho, Ali Kadouh, Deanna Harajli, Zain N. Jawad, and et al. 2022. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Arab Americans" Vaccines 10, no. 4: 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040610