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Vaccines
Volume 10
Issue 3
10.3390/vaccines10030359
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Article

Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses Up to Six Months Following Homologous or Heterologous Primary Immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccines

by
Ulrika Marking
1,
Sebastian Havervall
1,
Nina Greilert-Norin
1,
Henry Ng
1,2,
Kim Blom
1,3,
Peter Nilsson
4,
Mia Phillipson
2,
Sophia Hober
4,
Charlotta Nilsson
3,5,
Sara Mangsbo
6,
Wanda Christ
7,
Jonas Klingström
3,7,
Max Gordon
1,
Mikael Åberg
8,† and
Charlotte Thålin
1,*,†
1
Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet Danderyd Hospital, 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
2
Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
3
Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
4
Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
5
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
6
Department of Pharmacy, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
7
Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
8
Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 753 09 Uppsala, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Academic Editor: Angelos Hatzakis
Vaccines 2022, 10(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030359
Received: 2 February 2022 / Revised: 20 February 2022 / Accepted: 21 February 2022 / Published: 24 February 2022
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Abstract

Heterologous primary immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is part of applied recommendations. However, little is known about duration of immune responses after heterologous vaccine regimens. To evaluate duration of immune responses after primary vaccination with homologous adeno-vectored ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (ChAd) or heterologous ChAd/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (BNT), anti-spike-IgG and SARS-CoV-2 VOC-neutralizing antibody responses were measured in 354 healthcare workers (HCW) at 2 weeks, 3 months, 5 months and 6 months after the second vaccine dose. T-cell responses were investigated using a whole blood interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay 2 weeks and 3 months post second vaccine dose. Two hundred and ten HCW immunized with homologous BNT were enrolled for comparison of antibody responses. In study participants naïve to SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination, heterologous ChAd/BNT resulted in 6-fold higher peak anti-spike IgG antibody titers compared to homologous ChAd vaccination. The half-life of antibody titers was 3.1 months (95% CI 2.8–3.6) following homologous ChAd vaccination and 1.9 months (95% CI 1.7–2.1) after heterologous vaccination, reducing the GMT difference between the groups to 3-fold 6 months post vaccination. Peak T-cell responses were stronger in ChAd/BNT vaccinees, but no significant difference was observed 3 months post vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination resulted in substantially higher peak GMTs and IFN-γ levels and enhanced SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody and T cell responses over time. Heterologous primary SARS-CoV-2 immunization with ChAd and BNT elicits a stronger initial immune response compared to homologous vaccination with ChAd. However, although the differences in humoral responses remain over 6 months, the difference in SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are no longer significant three months after vaccination. View Full-Text
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; heterologous; immune response; duration; antibodies; humoral response; T-cells; immunity; immunology COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; heterologous; immune response; duration; antibodies; humoral response; T-cells; immunity; immunology
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MDPI and ACS Style

Marking, U.; Havervall, S.; Greilert-Norin, N.; Ng, H.; Blom, K.; Nilsson, P.; Phillipson, M.; Hober, S.; Nilsson, C.; Mangsbo, S.; Christ, W.; Klingström, J.; Gordon, M.; Åberg, M.; Thålin, C. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses Up to Six Months Following Homologous or Heterologous Primary Immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines 2022, 10, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030359

AMA Style

Marking U, Havervall S, Greilert-Norin N, Ng H, Blom K, Nilsson P, Phillipson M, Hober S, Nilsson C, Mangsbo S, Christ W, Klingström J, Gordon M, Åberg M, Thålin C. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses Up to Six Months Following Homologous or Heterologous Primary Immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccines. Vaccines. 2022; 10(3):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030359

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marking, Ulrika, Sebastian Havervall, Nina Greilert-Norin, Henry Ng, Kim Blom, Peter Nilsson, Mia Phillipson, Sophia Hober, Charlotta Nilsson, Sara Mangsbo, Wanda Christ, Jonas Klingström, Max Gordon, Mikael Åberg, and Charlotte Thålin. 2022. "Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses Up to Six Months Following Homologous or Heterologous Primary Immunization with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccines" Vaccines 10, no. 3: 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030359

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