Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PD-1/PD-L1
3. COVID-19
4. Influenza
5. HIV
6. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Infection | Virus | ICI Agent | Target | Trial Identifier | Number of Patients | Primary Endpoint |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute | SARS-CoV-2 | Nivolumab | PD-1 | (NCT04356508) | 15 | Viral clearance kinetics |
Pembrolizumab | PD-1 | (NCT04335305) | 12 | Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab combined with pembrolizumab in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia | ||
Camrelizumab | PD-1 | (NCT04268537) | 120 | Lung injury score | ||
Influenza virus | Pembrolizumab, nivolumab | PD-1 | (NCT03590808) | 136 | Seroprotection rate after influenza vaccination | |
Chronic | HIV | Pembrolizumab | PD-1 | (NCT02595866) | 32 | Measurement of unspliced HIV RNA, RNA/DNA ratio before and after treatment |
Nivolumab/nivolumab + ipilimumab | PD-1 | (NCT02408861) | 33/7 | Measurement of unspliced HIV RNA and DNA during treatment, replication competent virus before and after treatment | ||
Durvalumab | PD-L1 | (NCT03094286) | 20 | Feasibility of durvalumab monotherapy in solid tumors for HIV-1-infected patients | ||
BMS-936559 | PD-L1 | (NCT02028403) | 8 |
| ||
Cemiplimab | PD-1 | (NCT03787095) | 5 |
| ||
HBV | Durvalumab | PD-L1 | (NCT03899428) | 30 | Reduction in serum HBsAg titers | |
HCV | MDX1106-02 | PD-1 | (NCT00703469) | 54 | Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity |
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Tsiakos, K.; Gavrielatou, N.; Vathiotis, I.A.; Chatzis, L.; Chatzis, S.; Poulakou, G.; Kotteas, E.; Syrigos, N.K. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101673
Tsiakos K, Gavrielatou N, Vathiotis IA, Chatzis L, Chatzis S, Poulakou G, Kotteas E, Syrigos NK. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101673
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsiakos, Konstantinos, Niki Gavrielatou, Ioannis A. Vathiotis, Loukas Chatzis, Stamatios Chatzis, Garyfallia Poulakou, Elias Kotteas, and Nikolaos K. Syrigos. 2022. "Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 Axis Inhibition in Viral Infections: Clinical Data and Therapeutic Opportunities" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1673. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101673