Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Study Tool
2.5. Reliability Analysis
2.6. Sample Size Calculation
2.7. Ethical Issues
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents (n = 391)
3.2. Health Related Characteristics Vaccine Acceptability of the Respondents:
3.3. Correlation Analysis Result
3.4. t-Test Results of Group Differences on Vaccine Acceptability
3.5. ANOVA Test Results
3.6. Regression Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Frequency n (%) | VA n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
18 to 29 years | 189 (48.34) | 96 (50.79) |
30–49 years | 183 (46.80) | 117 (63.93) |
50–65 years | 16 (4.09) | 10 (62.5) |
Above 65 years | 3 (0.77) | 1 (33.33) |
Gender | ||
Male | 270 (69.05) | 161 (59.62) |
Female | 121 (30.95) | 63 (52.06) |
Nationality | ||
Saudi | 375 (95.91) | 215 (57.33) |
Non-Saudi | 16 (4.09) | 9 (56.25) |
City of residence | ||
Najran | 148 (37.85) | 82 (55.4) |
Abha/Khamis Mushait | 175 (44.76) | 99 (56.57) |
Jizan | 68 (17.39) | 43 (63.23) |
Area of residence | ||
Rural | 127 (32.48) | 69 (54.33) |
Urban | 264 (67.52) | 155 (58.71) |
Education level | ||
High school | 47 (12.02) | 25 (53.19) |
Diploma | 40 (10.23) | 29 (72.5) |
Graduate | 250 (63.94) | 133 (53.2) |
Postgraduate/Ph.D. | 54 (13.81) | 37 (68.51) |
Monthly household income (SAR) | ||
Less than 5000 | 84 (21.48) | 41 (48.8) |
5000 to 10,000 | 127 (32.48) | 69 (54.33) |
More than 10,000 | 180 (46.04) | 114 (63.33) |
Profession | ||
Medical | 141 (36.06) | 85 (60) |
Non-medical | 250 (63.94) | 139 (55.6) |
Job sector | ||
Government | 211 (53.96) | 129 (61.13) |
Private | 37 (9.46) | 25 (67.56) |
Self-employed | 12 (3.07) | 5 (41.66) |
Unemployed | 131 (33.5) | 62 (47.32) |
Marital status | ||
Married | 222 (56.78) | 136 (61.26) |
Unmarried/single | 165 (42.2) | 87 (52.72) |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 4 (1.02) | 1 (25) |
Smoking status | ||
Smoker | 48 (12.28) | 36 (75) |
Non-smoker | 320 (81.84) | 175 (54.68) |
Ex-smoker | 23 (5.88) | 13 (56.32) |
Health status | ||
Excellent | 285 (72.89) | 168 (58.94) |
Good | 90 (23.02) | 48 (53.33) |
Fair | 16 (4.09) | 8 (50) |
Degree of carefulness about health | ||
Careful | 344 (87.98) | 198 (57.55) |
Careless | 47 (12.02) | 26 (55.31) |
Ever tested for COVID-19 | ||
No | 185 (47.31) | 93 (50.27) |
Yes | 206 (52.69) | 131 (63.59) |
Personal history of COVID-19 diagnosis | ||
No | 341 (87.21) | 191 (56.01) |
Yes | 50 (12.79) | 33 (66) |
Family member ever diagnosed with COVID-19 | ||
No | 226 (57.8) | 125 (55.3) |
Yes | 165 (42.2) | 99 (60) |
Source of information regarding COVID-19 vaccine | ||
Ministry of Health newsletters/SMS | 228 (58.31) | 138 (60.52) |
Social media | 119 (30.43) | 59 (49.57) |
Newspaper and electronic media | 15 (3.84) | 10 (66.66) |
Scientific publications/articles | 17 (4.35) | 12 (70.58) |
Others | 12 (3.07) | 3 (25) |
Health-Related Characteristics | Frequency n (%) | VA n (%) |
---|---|---|
Do you suffer from a chronic disease? | ||
No | 345 (88.24) | 197 (57.1) |
Yes | 46 (11.76) | 27 (58.69) |
Did you get the influenza vaccine during this influenza season? | ||
No | 338 (86.45) | 183 (54.14) |
Yes | 53 (13.55) | 41 (77.35) |
Do you intend to get the influenza vaccine for the next season? | ||
No | 217 (55.5) | 70 (32.25) |
Yes | 174 (44.5) | 154 (88.5) |
Would you get the seasonal influenza vaccine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic? | ||
No | 277 (70.84) | 127 (45.84) |
Yes | 114 (29.16) | 97 (85.08) |
Do you have fears about COVID-19? | ||
No | 183 (46.8) | 95 (51.91) |
Yes | 208 (53.2) | 129 (62.01) |
Do you feel at risk of being infected by the new coronavirus? | ||
No | 195 (49.87) | 89 (45.64) |
Yes | 196 (50.13) | 135 (68.87) |
If a new vaccine for the COVID-19 virus were now available in the market, would you get vaccinated? | ||
No | 167 (42.71) | 167 (100) |
Yes | 224 (57.29) | 224 (100) |
Do you believe the new COVID-19 vaccine is safe, efficient and effective? | ||
No | 139 (35.55) | 24 (17.26) |
Yes | 252 (64.45) | 200 (79.36) |
Do you believe it is necessary to take the COVID-19 vaccine to protect yourself? | ||
No | 137 (35.04) | 10 (7.29) |
Yes | 254 (64.96) | 214 (84.25) |
Do you think that you will get COVID-19 in the future? | ||
No | 258 (65.98) | 128 (49.61) |
Yes | 133 (34.02) | 96 (72.18) |
We need to prioritise going back to our normal routines as soon as possible instead of worrying about protective behaviours. | ||
No | 150 (38.6) | 75 (50) |
Yes | 241 (61.64) | 149 (61.82) |
Are you willing be to volunteer for a clinical trial for a COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi Arabia? | ||
No | 281 (71.87) | 126 (44.83) |
Yes | 110 (28.13) | 98 (89.09) |
I think the actions of the Ministry of Health have helped reduce the spread of COVID-19. | ||
No | 24 (6.14) | 8 (33.33) |
Yes | 367 (93.86) | 216 (58.85) |
I trust the Ministry of Health to make good decisions about reducing the spread of COVID-19. | ||
No | 17 (4.35) | 4 (23.52) |
Yes | 374 (95.65) | 220 (58.82) |
Have you ever refused a vaccine for yourself or a child because you considered it useless or dangerous? | ||
No | 336 (85.93) | 197 (58.63) |
Yes | 55 (14.07) | 27 (49.09) |
Have you ever postponed a vaccine recommended by a physician? | ||
No | 331 (84.65) | 191 (57.7) |
Yes | 60 (15.35) | 33 (55) |
Have you ever had a vaccine for a child or yourself despite doubts about its efficacy? | ||
No | 295 (75.45) | 155 (52.54) |
Yes | 96 (24.55) | 69 (71.87) |
Variable | Variable | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic Disease | Vaccine Hesitancy | Trust in the Health System | Perceived Fear or Risk | History of Previous Vaccination against Seasonal Influenza | ||
Vaccine acceptability | Correlation coefficient (r) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.126 * | 0.133 ** | 0.557 ** |
p-value | 0.966 | 0.991 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
(I) City of Residence | Mean Difference (I–J) | Std. Error | Sig. | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
Najran | Abha/Khamis Mushait | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.608 | −0.067 | 0.158 |
Jizan | −0.082 | 0.063 | 0.389 | −0.230 | 0.065 | |
Abha/Khamis Mushait | Najran | −0.046 | 0.048 | 0.608 | −0.158 | 0.067 |
Jizan | −0.128 | 0.061 | 0.094 | −0.272 | 0.016 | |
Jizan | Najran | 0.082 | 0.063 | 0.389 | −0.065 | 0.230 |
Abha/Khamis Mushait | 0.128 | 0.061 | 0.094 | −0.016 | 0.272 | |
(II) Monthly household income | ||||||
Less than 5000 | 5000 to 10,000 | −0.048 | 0.060 | 0.705 | −0.190 | 0.094 |
More than 10,000 | −0.111 | 0.057 | 0.123 | −0.244 | 0.022 | |
5000 to 10,000 | Less than 5000 | 0.048 | 0.060 | 0.705 | −0.094 | 0.190 |
More than 10,000 | −0.063 | 0.050 | 0.414 | −0.180 | 0.054 | |
More than 10,000 | Less than 5000 | 0.111 | 0.057 | 0.123 | −0.022 | 0.244 |
5000 to 10,000 | 0.063 | 0.050 | 0.414 | −0.054 | 0.180 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Std. Coefficients | t | Sig. | 95.0% Confidence Interval for B | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||||
1 | (Constant) | 0.330 | 0.221 | 1.493 | 0.136 | −0.105 | 0.765 | |||||
Vaccine Hesitancy | −0.101 | 0.064 | −0.068 | −1.582 | 0.114 | −0.227 | 0.025 | |||||
Trust in Health System | 0.231 | 0.102 | 0.097 | 2.255 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 0.432 | |||||
History of previous vaccination against seasonal influenza | 0.666 | 0.056 | 0.515 | 11.890 | 0.000 | 0.556 | 0.776 | |||||
Perceived fear or risk | 0.068 | 0.042 | 0.069 | 2.609 | 0.015 | −0.015 | 0.150 | |||||
a. Dependent Variable: Vaccine acceptability | ||||||||||||
Model Summary (R-square value) | ||||||||||||
Model | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate | ||||||||
1 | 0.547 a | 0.299 | 0.292 | 0.362 |
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Alqahtani, Y.S. Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2022, 10, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010041
Alqahtani YS. Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia. Vaccines. 2022; 10(1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010041
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlqahtani, Yahya S. 2022. "Acceptability of the COVID-19 Vaccine among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Population in the Southern Region of Saudi Arabia" Vaccines 10, no. 1: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010041