Chebulic Acid Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Chebulic Acid (CA)
2.3. Cell Culture
2.4. Cell Viability
2.5. Glo-1 Enzyme Activity
2.6. Western Blotting
2.7. ROS Production
2.8. RNA Isolation
2.9. Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.10. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Assay
2.11. ATP Synthesis
2.12. Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS) Assay
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. CA Prevents MG-Induced Loss of INS-1 Cell Viability
3.2. CA Recovers the MG-Induced Down-Regulated Glo-1 Protein Expression and Enzyme Activity
3.3. CA Prevents MG-Induced ROS Production
3.4. CA Regulates the MG-Induced mRNA Expression of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Markers
3.5. CA Upregulates MG-Induced MMP Loss
3.6. CA Prevents MG-Induced Loss of ATP Synthesis
3.7. CA Prevents MG-Induced GSIS Decrease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGEs | advanced glycation end products |
ARE | antioxidant-responsive element |
CA | chebulic acid |
Ct | cycle threshold |
cyt c | cytochrome c |
DCF-DA | 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate |
ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
GAPDH | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
γ-GCS | γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase |
Glo-1 | glyoxalase-1 |
GSH | glutathione |
GSIS | glucose-stimulated insulin secretion |
HEPES | 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid |
HUVEC | Human endothelial venous umbilical cells |
MG | methyl glyoxal |
MMP | mitochondrial membrane potential |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
NAC | N-acetyl-cysteine |
Nrf-2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
qRT-PCR | quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SLG | S-D-lactoylglutathione |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
TBST | tris-buffered saline-Tween detergent |
UCP2 | uncoupling protein 2 |
VDAC1 | voltage-dependent anion-selective channel-1 |
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Gene | Accession Number | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | |
---|---|---|---|
Forward | Reverse | ||
UCP2 | NM_019354.3 | GCA CTG TCG AAG CCT ACA AGA C | TGG CAT TTC GGG CAA CAT |
VDAC1 | NM_031353.1 | GAC AAC ACC CTG GGC ACT G | CAC AGC CCA GGT TGA TAT G |
cyt c | NM_012839.2 | TGC CCA GTG CCA CAC TGT | CTG TCT TCC GCC CGA ACA |
β-actin | NM_031144.3 | TCA GGA GGA GCA ATG ATC TTG A | GAC AGG ATG CAG AAG GAG ATC AC |
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Yoo, H.-j.; Hong, C.-O.; Ha, S.K.; Lee, K.-W. Chebulic Acid Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090771
Yoo H-j, Hong C-O, Ha SK, Lee K-W. Chebulic Acid Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):771. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090771
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Hyun-jung, Chung-Oui Hong, Sang Keun Ha, and Kwang-Won Lee. 2020. "Chebulic Acid Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090771