Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O/W Emulsions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Plant Extract
2.3. Chemical Composition of Thyme Waste Extract
2.4. Total Phenolics, Flavones, Flavonols, Flavanones, and Dihydroflavonols Content Determination in Thyme Extract
2.5. Antioxidant Activity Determination of Thyme Waste Extract
2.6. Preparation and Storage of O/W Emulsion
2.7. Viscosity Studies
2.8. Peroxide Content Determination
2.9. Lipid Oxidation Products in Formulated Emulsions
2.10. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. GC–MS Analysis of Thyme Waste Extract
3.2. Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Viscosity of O/W Emulsion
3.4. Peroxide Content Determination
3.5. Secondary Lipid Oxidation Products in Formulated Emulsions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Retention Time RT (time) | Relative Area Percent (%) | Compounds | m/z (I) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.05 | 40.88 | Benzoic acid | 105(100); 179(93); 77(93); 135(82); 51(22); 180(13); 136(11); 73(8); 106(7); 75(7) |
2 | 10.93 | 11.89 | trans-Cinnamic acid (TMS) | 131(100); 205(95); 103(95); 161(85); 77(74); 75(75); 145(45); 102(43); 135(25); 73(24) |
3 | 11.83 | 17.18 | 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (2TMS) | 73(100); 267(72); 223(68); 193(46); 268(16); 224(15); 282(14); 75(12); 126(10); 91(10) |
4 | 15.16 | 10.34 | p-Coumaric acid (TMS) | 73(100); 293(43); 219(40); 75(30); 249(30); 308(24); 179(11); 294 (10); 74(10); 220(8) |
5 | 16.40 | 2.55 | Ferulic acid (2TMS) | 73(100); 338(45); 323(20); 75(34); 308(34); 249(30); 293(30); 59 (13); 219(13); 339(12) |
6 | 16.70 | 8.74 | Caffeic acid (TMS) | 73(100); 219(68); 396(38); 191(16); 381(13); 397 (13); 220(12); 75(11); 74(8); 249(7) |
7 | 17.37 | 3.71 | Sinapic acid (2TMS) | 73(100); 338(57); 368(45); 75(34); 353(32); 232(25); 279(15); 339(15); 59(14); 249(12) |
8 | 21.91 | 0.90 | Quercetin (5TMS) | 73(100); 647(29); 648(16); 649(9); 559(8); 74(7); 75(6); 560(3); 147(3); 575(2) |
Total * | 96.19 | |||
* Only the most abundant peaks were identified. | ||||
I: intensity | ||||
Phenols (mg EAG/g) | Flavones (mg EQ/g) | Dihydroflavonols (mg EE/g) | DPPH (IC50 mg/mL) | |
97.50 ± 3.82 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 1.76 ± 0.24 | 0.093 ± 0.01 |
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El-Guendouz, S.; Aazza, S.; Anahi Dandlen, S.; Majdoub, N.; Lyoussi, B.; Raposo, S.; Dulce Antunes, M.; Gomes, V.; Graça Miguel, M. Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O/W Emulsions. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080243
El-Guendouz S, Aazza S, Anahi Dandlen S, Majdoub N, Lyoussi B, Raposo S, Dulce Antunes M, Gomes V, Graça Miguel M. Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O/W Emulsions. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080243
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Guendouz, Soukaïna, Smail Aazza, Susana Anahi Dandlen, Nessrine Majdoub, Badiaa Lyoussi, Sara Raposo, Maria Dulce Antunes, Vera Gomes, and Maria Graça Miguel. 2019. "Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O/W Emulsions" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080243