Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Regulation of Iron Metabolism
2.1. Iron Absorption from Guts to Plasma
2.2. Plasma Iron Transportation and Uptake by Other Cells
2.3. Cellular Iron Transfer to Mitochondria and Its Utilization
2.4. Cellular Iron Storage
2.5. Cellular Iron Export
2.6. The Regulatory Mechanisms of Iron Hemostasis
2.6.1. The Iron-Regulatory Protein (IRP) and Iron-Responsive Element (IRE) Regulatory System
2.6.2. The Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Regulatory System
2.6.3. Hepcidin–Ferroportin Regulatory System
3. Renal Iron Homeostasis and Cellular Dysfunction in Kidney Diseases
3.1. Renal Iron Homeostasis
3.2. Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Cellular Dysfunction in Renal Injury and Disease
4. The Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in the Kidneys
4.1. ROS and Oxidative Stress in the Kidneys
4.2. Antioxidant Defense Systems in the Kidneys
5. Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Kidney Diseases
5.1. Oxidative Stress and Renal Tubular Cell Dysfunction in Kidney Disease
5.2. Oxidative Stress and Podocyte Dysfunction in Kidney Diseases
5.3. Oxidative Stress and Mesangial Cell and Interstitial Fibroblast Dysfunction in Kidney Disease
5.4. Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Kidney Disease
6. Oxidative Stress-Related Molecules in Kidney Disease
6.1. Nrf2
6.2. NF-κB
6.3. Sirtuin 1
7. The Crosstalk of Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in Kidney Diseases
7.1. How Oxidative Stress Affects Iron Metabolism
7.2. Abnormal Iron Metabolism Leads to Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis
8. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reactive Oxygen Species | Properties | |
---|---|---|
Non- radical | Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | Low oxidative activity, participates in many physiological processes as a signal molecule |
Organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) | Lipid peroxides derived from polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) in ferroptosis | |
Singlet oxygen | High oxidative activity involved in many biological processes | |
Electronically excited carbonyl (R–C=O) | High oxidative activity | |
Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) | Formed by the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide | |
Ozone (O3) | In atmosphere, but toxic to humans | |
Free radical | Superoxide (O2−) | Relatively low oxidative activity, participates in the synthesis of H2O2 |
Hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) | High oxidative activity and unstable, react with various cellular proteins, DNA, lipids | |
Peroxyl radical (ROO∙) | High oxidative activity, involved in the spread of lipid peroxidation | |
Nitric oxide (NO∙) | Relatively low oxidative activity, participates in the synthesis of H2O2 |
Enzymatic System | Non-Enzymatic System |
---|---|
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | Glutathione (GSH) |
Catalase (CAT) | Antioxidant vitamins: vitamin A/C/E |
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) | Antioxidant minerals: copper, zinc, manganese |
Thioredoxin (Trx) | Hormones: melatonin, flavenoids, |
coenzyme Q |
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Xie, T.; Yao, L.; Li, X. Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060659
Xie T, Yao L, Li X. Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(6):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060659
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Tiancheng, Li Yao, and Xiaogang Li. 2024. "Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases" Antioxidants 13, no. 6: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060659
APA StyleXie, T., Yao, L., & Li, X. (2024). Advance in Iron Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Dysfunction in Experimental and Human Kidney Diseases. Antioxidants, 13(6), 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060659