In Vitro Protective Effects of a Standardized Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes and Olea europaea L. Leaves Against Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Cultures and Treatments
2.3. TEER Determination
2.4. Fluorescein Permeability
2.5. Cells Lysate Extraction
2.6. Western Blot Analysis
2.7. Real-Time PCR
2.8. Intracellular Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)
2.9. ROS Measurement by Dichlorodihydro-Fluorescein Diacetate Assay
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Protective Effects of OFI+OE on Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function Alteration
3.2. Protective Effect of OFI+OE on the Intracellular Redox Status Alteration Induced by INDO
3.3. OFI+OE Effects on Apoptosis Pathway
3.4. Protective Effect of OFI+OE on Indomethacin-Induced NF-κB Pathway Activation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABTS | 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) |
AMPK | 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
DCFH-DA | dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
DPBS | Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
GI | gastrointestinal |
INDO | indomethacin |
NSAIDs | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
OFI+OE | Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. cladodes and Olea europaea L. leaf extract |
PPIs | proton pump inhibitors |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
TAA | Total Antioxidant Activity |
TEER | Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance |
TJs | tight junctions |
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Salamone, F.L.; Molonia, M.S.; Muscarà, C.; Saija, A.; Cimino, F.; Speciale, A. In Vitro Protective Effects of a Standardized Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes and Olea europaea L. Leaves Against Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121507
Salamone FL, Molonia MS, Muscarà C, Saija A, Cimino F, Speciale A. In Vitro Protective Effects of a Standardized Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes and Olea europaea L. Leaves Against Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(12):1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121507
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalamone, Federica Lina, Maria Sofia Molonia, Claudia Muscarà, Antonella Saija, Francesco Cimino, and Antonio Speciale. 2024. "In Vitro Protective Effects of a Standardized Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes and Olea europaea L. Leaves Against Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury" Antioxidants 13, no. 12: 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121507
APA StyleSalamone, F. L., Molonia, M. S., Muscarà, C., Saija, A., Cimino, F., & Speciale, A. (2024). In Vitro Protective Effects of a Standardized Extract of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes and Olea europaea L. Leaves Against Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury. Antioxidants, 13(12), 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121507