Radical-Driven Methane Formation in Humans Evidenced by Exogenous Isotope-Labeled DMSO and Methionine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Traditional View of Microbial Methane Formation in Humans
1.2. Alternative Mechanism(s) of Non-Microbial Methane Formation in Eukaryotes
1.3. Application of DMSO to Humans
1.4. Aims and Postulates
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subject, Materials, Experiments, and Sampling of Air
2.1.1. Subject of the Study
2.1.2. Materials: Position-Specific Isotopically Labeled DMSO and Methionine
2.1.3. Experiments and Sampling of Air
2.1.4. Oral Intake of 13C- and 2H-Labeled DMSO
2.1.5. Arm Incubations and Exposure to Solar Light
2.1.6. Blood Samples and Incubation with DMSO and Methionine
2.2. Analytical Measurements
2.2.1. Natural Abundance of 13C/12C and 2H/1H, Definition of δ Values, Isotopic Excess, and Keeling Method
2.2.2. Laser Absorption Spectroscopy—Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy
Measurements of CH4 Concentrations and Stable Carbon Isotope Values
2.2.3. Measurements of CH4 Concentrations Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection
2.2.4. Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
Measurement of δ13C-CH4 Values
Measurement of δ2H-CH4 Values
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Oral Intake of Isotopically Labeled DMSO and Measurements of Breath Air
3.2. Blood Samples and Addition of Isotopically Labeled DMSO and Methionine
3.3. Skin Application of Isotopically Labeled DMSO and Incubation of Arm with Exposure to Natural Sunlight
4. Discussion
4.1. Conversion of Methylated Sulfur Compounds to Methane
4.2. Oral Administration of 13C-Labeled DMSO
4.3. Supplementation of 13C-Labeled DMSO and Methionine to Blood Samples
4.4. Dermal CH4 Emissions after Treatment of Isotopically Labeled DMSO
4.5. ROS-Induced non-Microbial Formation of CH4 from Methylated S-/N-Compounds in Humans: A Hypothesis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AscariteII® | sodium-hydroxide-coated silica |
C | carbon |
CH4 | methane |
•CH3 | methyl radicals |
CO3–• | carbonate radicals |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
CRDS | cavity ringdown spectroscopy |
D | deuterium |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
Drierite® | anhydrous calcium sulfate |
ER | endoplasmatic reticulum |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
[FeIV=O]2+ | nonheme oxo-iron(IV) |
Fe2+ | ferrous iron |
Fe3+ | ferric iron |
FID | flame ionization detector |
GC | gas chromatography |
GPC | L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine |
H2 | hydrogen |
H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IRMS | isotopic ratio mass spectrometry |
N | nitrogen |
NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
•OH | hydroxyl radicals |
O2–• | superoxide radicals |
PI | principal investigator |
ppvb | parts per billion by volume |
ppmv | parts per million by volume |
PTFE | polytetrafluorethylene |
RET | reverse electron transport |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
S | sulfur |
SAM | S-adenosyl methionine |
SD | standard deviation |
SI | system of units |
TC | thermal conversion |
mUr | milliurey |
V-PDB | Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite |
V-SMOW | Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water |
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Keppler, F.; Boros, M.; Polag, D. Radical-Driven Methane Formation in Humans Evidenced by Exogenous Isotope-Labeled DMSO and Methionine. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071381
Keppler F, Boros M, Polag D. Radical-Driven Methane Formation in Humans Evidenced by Exogenous Isotope-Labeled DMSO and Methionine. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(7):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071381
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeppler, Frank, Mihály Boros, and Daniela Polag. 2023. "Radical-Driven Methane Formation in Humans Evidenced by Exogenous Isotope-Labeled DMSO and Methionine" Antioxidants 12, no. 7: 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071381