Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Considerations on Gender Differences in Cancer Susceptibility
1.2. Oxidative Stress and Cancer
1.3. Gender Differences, Oxidative Stress, and Cancer
1.4. Gender, Oxidative Stress, and Immunity
2. Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress and Neoplastic Diseases
2.1. Glioma, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
2.2. Liver Cancer, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
2.3. Colorectal Cancer, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
2.4. Lung Cancer, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
2.5. Melanoma, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
2.6. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Oxidative Stress, and Gender Differences
3. Gender Differences, Oxidative Stress, and Responsiveness to Anticancer Therapy
4. Final Remarks and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Type | Subject of the Investigation | Variations of Oxidative Stress in Females | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
In vivo animal model | Drosophila melanogaster | Reduced ROS production and increased antioxidant enzymes | Longer lifetime | [21] |
Mice and rats | Reduced mitochondria release of superoxide radicals | Longer lifetime | [24,26,27,28] | |
Rats | Reduced NADPH oxidase activation. Lower levels of p47 | Effects on circulation | [29] |
Experimental Model | Animals | Effects on Males | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diethylnitrosamine and ethanol | Mice | Decreased antioxidant capacity | Increased incidence of liver cancer | [122] |
Aminobiphenyl | Mice | Reduced antioxidant gene expression and increased oxidative damage. Altered nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2. Reduced defense against carcinogen-induced liver carcinogenesis. Reduced immune response to infections. Altered expression of inflammatory cytokines. | Increased incidence of liver cancer | [128,129,130,131] |
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) | Glutathione S-transferase A3 Knockout mice | Reduced AFB1-DNA adducts | Reduced vulnerability to liver cancer development. | [136] |
Experimental Model | Subjects of Analysis | Effect | Results in Females | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Naphthalene | Mice | Increased ROS production. Increased CYP enzyme expression | More airway damage | [197] |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs) | Mice | Oxidative damage to DNA. PHA-DNA adducts formation. | Increased oxidative stress | [200,201,202] |
Humans | Women are more vulnerable than males to oxidative stress and chromosomal damage by PHAs. | Increased lung cancerogenesis | [203] |
Higher Risk | Mechanism | References | |
---|---|---|---|
Glioma | men | Testosterone has neurotoxic effects | [107] |
Liver cancer | men | Low levels of alcohol dehydrogenase | [121] |
Colorectal cancer | women | Low levels of unconjugated bilirubin, which has antioxidant effects | [173] |
Lung cancer | smokimg women | High levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 that activate tobacco smoke components to create ROS | [194] |
Melanoma | men | Low levels of antioxidant enzymes in the skin | [225] |
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | men | High levels of superoxide in thymocytes overexpressing Bax | [233] |
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Allegra, A.; Caserta, S.; Genovese, S.; Pioggia, G.; Gangemi, S. Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061255
Allegra A, Caserta S, Genovese S, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(6):1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061255
Chicago/Turabian StyleAllegra, Alessandro, Santino Caserta, Sara Genovese, Giovanni Pioggia, and Sebastiano Gangemi. 2023. "Gender Differences in Oxidative Stress in Relation to Cancer Susceptibility and Survival" Antioxidants 12, no. 6: 1255. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061255