Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animal and Rearing Conditions
2.2. Anesthetic Agents
2.3. Criteria and Definitions
2.4. Experimental Design and Sampling
2.4.1. Discovery of Optimal Anesthetics
2.4.2. Effects of Optimal Anesthetic on Physiology and Metabolism of Mud Crabs and Efficacy
2.5. Analysis of Serum Biochemical and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity
2.6. NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Anesthesia and Recovery Times for Four Anesthetics
3.2. Effects of Clove Oil and Ethanol Concentration on the Behavior of Mud Crab
3.3. Effect of Clove Oil Concentration on Mud Crab of Different Body Weight
3.4. Hemolymph Biochemical Parameters and Hepatopancreas Antioxidant Capabilities with Clove Oil Treatment
3.5. Changes in Metabolites in Crabs Treated with Clove Oil
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behaviors/Response | |
---|---|
Stages of anesthesia | |
I | Crabs partially lose their balance and righting reflexes, and their response to stimuli persists |
II | Crabs lose balance and righting reflexes, respond weakly to stimuli, do not retract their limbs, and lose their defensive behavior |
III | Unconscious, immobile, unresponsive to stimuli |
IV | Excessive anesthesia leads to crab death |
Stages of recovery | |
I | Partial regain of equilibrium, response to external stimuli |
II | Crabs have defensive behavior respond quickly to stimulation, and resume feeding behavior |
Key | Metabolites | Moieties | δ1 H (ppm) and Multiplicity a |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Leucine | aβCH2, γCH, δCH3, δ’CH3 | 1.73(m), 1.66(m), 0.98(d), 0.96(d) |
2 | Lactate | αCH, βCH3, COOH | 4.13(q), 1.33(d) |
3 | Alanine | αCH, βCH3, COOH | 3.77(q), 1.48(d) |
4 | Acetate | CH3, COOH | 1.92(s) |
5 | Methionine | βCH2, γCH2, S-CH3 | 2.15(m), 2.65(t), 2.14(s) |
6 | Glutamate | δCO, αCH, βCH2, γCH2, COOH | 3.78(m), 2.12(m), 2.05(m), 2.35(dt) |
7 | Glutamine | αCH, βCH2, γCH2 | 3.77(t), 2.14 (m), 2.46(m) |
8 | Aspartate | αCH, βCH2, γCOOH | 3.90(dd), 2.83(dd), 2.68(dd) |
9 | Sarcosine | CH2, N-CH3, COOH | 3.61(s), 2.74(s) |
10 | Lysine | βCH2, γCH2, δCH2, εCH2 | 1.92(m), 1.48(d), 1.73(m), 3.03(t) |
11 | Arginine | γCH2, δCH2, εC | 1.72(m), 3.27(t) |
12 | Betaine | CH3, CH2, COO- | 3.26(s), 3.90(s) |
13 | Taurine | CH2SO3, CH2NH2 | 3.26(t), 3.43(t) |
14 | Glycine | αCH2, COOH | 3.56(s) |
15 | β-Glucose | C1H, C2H, C3H | 4.65(d), 3.22(dd), 3.45(m) |
16 | α-Glucose | C1H, C2H, C3H | 5.24(d), 3.54(dd), 3.72(m) |
17 | Tyrosine | RingC2, 6H, RingC3,5H | 7.21(d), 6.90 (d) |
18 | Tryptophan | RingC2H, RingC3, RingC4H, RingC5H, RingC6H, RingC7H, RingC8, RingC9 | 7.33(s), 7.55(d), 7.31(m), 7.20 (m), 7.74(d) |
19 | Trimethylamine-N-oxide | CH3 | 3.26(s) |
20 | Uridine | C2H, C3H, C1′H | 7.99(d), 5.98(d), 5.97(m) |
21 | Fumarate | CH, COOH | 6.52(s) |
22 | 2-Pyridinemethanol | C2, C3H, C4H, C5H, C6H, C7H | 8.71(dd), 7.97(td), 8.55(td), 8.04(dd), 4.37(s) |
23 | Uracil | C4H, C5H, C1, C2 | 7.54(d), 5.81(d) |
24 | Phenylalanine | Ring C2, 6H, RingC3, 5H, RingC4, RingC1 | 7.33(q), 7.43(t), 7.38(m) |
Metabolites | Correlation Coefficients (r) | |
---|---|---|
AG/CG | RG/AG | |
Lactate | −0.70 | - |
Alanine | - | 0.56 |
Glutamate | - | 0.67 |
Aspartate | - | 0.71 |
Betaine | - | 0.64 |
Taurine | - | 0.60 |
Glycine | 0.55 | - |
2-Pyridinemethanol | −0.66 | 0.65 |
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Zhu, L.; Qi, S.; Shi, C.; Chen, S.; Ye, Y.; Wang, C.; Mu, C.; Li, R.; Wu, Q.; Wang, X.; et al. Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122124
Zhu L, Qi S, Shi C, Chen S, Ye Y, Wang C, Mu C, Li R, Wu Q, Wang X, et al. Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122124
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Lulu, Shanshan Qi, Ce Shi, Shujian Chen, Yangfang Ye, Chunlin Wang, Changkao Mu, Ronghua Li, Qingyang Wu, Xiaopeng Wang, and et al. 2023. "Optimizing Anesthetic Practices for Mud Crab: A Comparative Study of Clove Oil, MS-222, Ethanol, and Magnesium Chloride" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122124