Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome
3. Metabolic Syndrome and Diabesity
3.1. Diabetes Mellitus
3.2. Diabesity
3.3. Gut Microbiota Interactions
4. Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases
4.1. Dyslipidaemia
4.2. Hypertension
4.3. Hyperglycaemia and Vascular Complications
5. Metabolic Syndrome and Neurological Diseases
5.1. Stroke
5.2. Alzheimer
5.3. Depression
6. Management of Metabolic Syndrome
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Parameters | Criteria | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central Obesity | Fasting Blood Sugar | ↑ Triglycerides | ↓ HDL-Cholesterol | ↑ Blood Pressure | Diagnosed as MS | |
IDF (2005) [19] | Waist circumference defined in terms of ethnicity-specific values | ≥100 mg/dL or on medication | ≥150 mg/dL or on medication | Male: <40 mg/dL Female: <50 mg/dL | Diastolic ≥130 and/or systolic ≥85 mmHg or on medication | Absolutely required central obesity plus ≥2 criteria |
AHA/NHLBI (2005) [20] | Waist circumference Male: ≥102 cm Female: ≥88 cm | ≥100 mg/dL or on medication | ≥150 mg/dL or on medication | Male: <40 mg/dL Female: <50 mg/dL | Diastolic ≥130 and/or systolic ≥85 mmHg or on medication | ≥3 criteria |
AHA/NHLBI and IDF:2009 [21] | Waist circumference defined in terms of population- and country-based-specific definition | ≥100 mg/dL or on medication | ≥150 mg/dL or on medication | Male: <40 mg/dL Female: <50 mg/dL | Diastolic ≥130 and/or systolic ≥85 mmHg or on medication | ≥3 criteria |
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Martemucci, G.; Fracchiolla, G.; Muraglia, M.; Tardugno, R.; Dibenedetto, R.S.; D’Alessandro, A.G. Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122091
Martemucci G, Fracchiolla G, Muraglia M, Tardugno R, Dibenedetto RS, D’Alessandro AG. Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122091
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartemucci, Giovanni, Giuseppe Fracchiolla, Marilena Muraglia, Roberta Tardugno, Roberta Savina Dibenedetto, and Angela Gabriella D’Alessandro. 2023. "Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122091
APA StyleMartemucci, G., Fracchiolla, G., Muraglia, M., Tardugno, R., Dibenedetto, R. S., & D’Alessandro, A. G. (2023). Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review from the Oxidative Stress to the Management of Related Diseases. Antioxidants, 12(12), 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122091