Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Semen Sample Collection, Analysis, and Protein Extraction
2.3. Slot Blot Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Lifestyle on the Conventional Semen Quality Parameters
3.2. Smoking Increases the Phosphorylation of HSP27
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antibody | Host | Dilution | Supplier | Cat. No |
---|---|---|---|---|
SOD1 | Mouse | 1:1000 | Millipore | MABC684 |
SOD2 | Rabbit | 1:1000 | Abcam | Ab13533 |
HSP27 | Mouse | 1:1000 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-13132 |
p-HSP27 (Ser82) | Mouse | 1:1000 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-166693 |
GPx4 | Rabbit | 1:1000 | Millipore | ABC269 |
HSF1 | Mouse | 1:500 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology | sc-17757 |
HSP90 | Mouse | 1:2000 | ProteinTech | 13171-1-AP |
Parameter | N | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 32.5 ± 7.4 | 30 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 4.0 | 30 |
Education | ||
Primary | 10 | 3 |
High School | 63 | 19 |
University | 27 | 8 |
Employment Situation | ||
Employed | 90 | 27 |
Unemployed | 3 | 1 |
Student | 7 | 2 |
Exposure to chemicals at work | ||
No | 47 | 14 |
Yes | 53 | 16 |
Smoking status | ||
No | 53 | 16 |
Yes | 47 | 14 |
Alcohol consumption | ||
No | 47 | 14 |
Yes | 53 | 16 |
Physical activity | ||
No | 43 | 13 |
Yes | 57 | 17 |
Semen parameters | ||
Sexual abstinence (days) | 4 ± 1 | 29 |
Volume (mL) | 3.1 ± 1.4 | 30 |
Concentration (×106/mL) | 47 ± 36 | 28 |
Total spermatozoa number (×106) | 133 ± 110 | 28 |
Total motility (Progressive and non-progressive, %) | 59 ± 2 | 29 |
Progressive motility (%) | 42 ± 15 | 29 |
Non-progressive motility (%) | 17 ± 9 | 29 |
Immotile (%) | 41 ± 13 | 29 |
Normal morphology (%) | 6 ± 2 | 28 |
Head defects (%) | 86 ± 5 | 28 |
Midpiece defects (%) | 50 ± 10 | 28 |
Tail defects (%) | 26 ± 7 | 28 |
Teratozoospermia index | 1.72 ± 0.15 | 28 |
Consumed Items | Never | 1 to 3 Times per Month | 1 to 3 Times per Week | 4 to 6 Times per Week | Daily |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dairy products | 3 | 17 | 23 | 23 | 33 |
Coffee | 3 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 77 |
Tea | 27 | 43 | 20 | 3 | 7 |
Eggs | 3 | 27 | 63 | 7 | 0 |
Fresh vegetables | 3 | 0 | 40 | 43 | 13 |
Canned vegetables | 27 | 30 | 30 | 13 | 0 |
Fresh fruit or fruit juices | 0 | 10 | 23 | 27 | 40 |
Canned fruit | 53 | 43 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Refrigerants | 23 | 30 | 17 | 7 | 23 |
Organic food | 17 | 30 | 20 | 23 | 10 |
Fast-food | 10 | 70 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Poultry | 0 | 0 | 63 | 33 | 3 |
Meat | 0 | 23 | 50 | 23 | 3 |
Fresh or frozen fish | 0 | 20 | 63 | 17 | 0 |
Canned fish | 40 | 37 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
Shellfish | 17 | 63 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
Grilled food | 3 | 33 | 47 | 13 | 3 |
Smoked food | 3 | 53 | 30 | 7 | 7 |
Bottled water | 10 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 77 |
Parameter | Non-Smokers (N = 16) | Smokers (N = 14) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 31.7 ± 7.9 | 33.4 ± 6.7 | 0.545 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.9 | 23.2 ± 2.5 | 0.184 |
Semen quality parameters | |||
Volume (mL) | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.004 ** |
Concentration (×106/mL) | 54.5 ± 34.4 | 38.5 ± 36.1 | 0.242 |
Total spermatozoa count (×106) | 181.9 ± 113.0 | 84.3 ± 85.1 | 0.044 * |
Total motility (Progressive and non-progressive, %) | 62.6 ± 13.9 | 55.8 ± 11.6 | 0.093 |
Progressive motility (%) | 46.2 ± 14.4 | 38.3 ± 15.0 | 0.159 |
Non-progressive motility (%) | 17.1 ± 7.7 | 17.5 ± 10.6 | 0.813 |
Immotile (%) | 37.4 ± 13.9 | 44.2 ± 11.6 | 0.093 |
Normal morphology (%) | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 0.069 |
Head defects (%) | 85.2 ± 5.5 | 86.3 ± 4.8 | 0.210 |
Midpiece defects (%) | 50.7 ± 9.8 | 50.1 ± 10.2 | 0.881 |
Tail defects (%) | 25.5 ± 7.6 | 25.6 ± 6.0 | 0.913 |
Teratozoospermia index | 1.72 ± 0.17 | 1.72 ± 0.13 | 0.891 |
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Henriques, M.C.; Santiago, J.; Patrício, A.; Herdeiro, M.T.; Loureiro, S.; Fardilha, M. Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101828
Henriques MC, Santiago J, Patrício A, Herdeiro MT, Loureiro S, Fardilha M. Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(10):1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101828
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenriques, Magda Carvalho, Joana Santiago, António Patrício, Maria Teresa Herdeiro, Susana Loureiro, and Margarida Fardilha. 2023. "Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm" Antioxidants 12, no. 10: 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101828
APA StyleHenriques, M. C., Santiago, J., Patrício, A., Herdeiro, M. T., Loureiro, S., & Fardilha, M. (2023). Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm. Antioxidants, 12(10), 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101828