Spermine-Mediated Tolerance to Selenium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depends on Endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthesis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wheat Variety, Plant Growth Conditions and Treatments
2.2. Selenium (Se) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Measurements
2.3. Growth Measurements
2.4. Photosynthetic Pigments and Relative Water Content (RWC)
2.5. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Contents and Electrolyte Leakage (EL)
2.6. Proline, Total Soluble Sugar (TSS) and Anthocyanin Contents
2.7. Antioxidant Enzyme Assays
2.8. Ascorbate (AsA) and Glutathione (GSH) Levels
2.9. Glyoxalase Systems and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity
2.10. Methylglyoxal (MG) and d-Lactate Contents
2.11. Gene Expression of Metal-Related Proteins
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Se and NO Contents in Leaves and Roots of Wheat Seedlings
3.2. Spm and NO Alleviates Se Stress-Induced Growth Retardation
3.3. Spm-Induced Intrinsic NO Improves the RWC and Photosynthetic Pigments of Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
3.4. Spm and NO Decreased the Content of MDA, H2O2 and EL of Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
3.5. Spm and NO Decreased Proline and TSS Accumulation and Increased the Anthocyanin Content of Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
3.6. Spm-Induced Endogenous NO Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Se-Stressed Wheat Seedlings
3.7. Spm and NO Improved the AsA-GSH Contents in Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
3.8. Spm and NO Decreased MG Intermediates and Improved Glyoxalase Systems
3.9. Spm Induced NO-Modulated Gene Expression of Metal-Related Proteins under Se Stress
3.10. Heat Map Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Spm- and NO-Treated Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
4. Discussion
4.1. Spm-Induced Endogenous NO Diminishes the Se Content in the Leaves and Roots of Se-Stressed Wheat
4.2. Spm-Induced NO Improved Growth, and Photosynthetic Performances under Se Stress
4.3. Spm-Induced NO Decreases Oxidative Damage and Improves Antioxidant Defense under Se Stress
4.4. Modulation of Gene Expression in Spm and NO-Treated Wheat Seedlings under Se Stress
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Na2SeO4 (mM) | Spm (mM) | SNP (mM) | cPTIO (mM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Se | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Se + Spm | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Se + SNP | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Se + Spm + SNP | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
Se + Spm + cPTIO | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
Se + SNP + cPTIO | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Se + Spm + SNP + cPTIO | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
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Hasan, M.M.; Alharbi, B.M.; Alhaithloul, H.A.S.; Abdulmajeed, A.M.; Alghanem, S.M.; Al-Mushhin, A.A.M.; Jahan, M.S.; Corpas, F.J.; Fang, X.-W.; Soliman, M.H. Spermine-Mediated Tolerance to Selenium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depends on Endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111835
Hasan MM, Alharbi BM, Alhaithloul HAS, Abdulmajeed AM, Alghanem SM, Al-Mushhin AAM, Jahan MS, Corpas FJ, Fang X-W, Soliman MH. Spermine-Mediated Tolerance to Selenium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depends on Endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(11):1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111835
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan, Md. Mahadi, Basmah M. Alharbi, Haifa Abdulaziz Sakit Alhaithloul, Awatif M. Abdulmajeed, Suliman Mohammed Alghanem, Amina A. M. Al-Mushhin, Mohammad Shah Jahan, Francisco J. Corpas, Xiang-Wen Fang, and Mona H. Soliman. 2021. "Spermine-Mediated Tolerance to Selenium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depends on Endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthesis" Antioxidants 10, no. 11: 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111835
APA StyleHasan, M. M., Alharbi, B. M., Alhaithloul, H. A. S., Abdulmajeed, A. M., Alghanem, S. M., Al-Mushhin, A. A. M., Jahan, M. S., Corpas, F. J., Fang, X.-W., & Soliman, M. H. (2021). Spermine-Mediated Tolerance to Selenium Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Depends on Endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthesis. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111835