Gender Differences and Comorbidities in U.S. Adults with Bipolar Disorder
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Department of Psychiatry, Griffin Memorial Hospital, 900 E Main St, Norman, OK 73071, USA
2
Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, 4802 10th Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
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Baqai Medical University, 51, Deh Tor, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 74600, Pakistan
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University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1 Illini Dr, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, GMCH Rd, Bhangagarh, Guwahati, Assam 781032, India
6
Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 997 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Brain Sci. 2018, 8(9), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8090168
Received: 7 August 2018
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Revised: 29 August 2018
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Accepted: 30 August 2018
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Published: 1 September 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Etiology, Pharmacological, and Brain Stimulation Interventions for Bipolar Disorders)
Background: Past studies have evaluated the association of various comorbidities with bipolar disorder. This study analyzes differences in the prevalence and association of medical and psychiatric comorbidities in bipolar patients by gender. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2010–2014). Using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, we narrowed the study population to comprise those with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorder and then obtained information about comorbidities. The differences in comorbidities by gender were quantified using chi-square tests and the logistic regression model (odds ratio (OR)). Results: Hypertension (20.5%), asthma (12.5%) and hypothyroidism (8.1%) were the top medical comorbidities found in bipolar patients. Migraine and hypothyroidism were seen three times higher in females (OR = 3.074 and OR = 3.001; respectively). Females with bipolar disorder had higher odds of comorbid inflammatory disorders like asthma (OR = 1.755), Crohn’s disease (OR = 1.197) and multiple sclerosis (OR = 2.440) compared to males. Females had a two-fold higher likelihood of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (OR = 2.253) followed by personality disorders (OR = 1.692) and anxiety disorders (OR = 1.663) compared to males. Conclusion: Women with bipolar disorder have a much higher medical comorbidity burden than men and may highly benefit from an integrated team of physicians to manage their condition and improve their health-related quality of life.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Patel, R.S.; Virani, S.; Saeed, H.; Nimmagadda, S.; Talukdar, J.; Youssef, N.A. Gender Differences and Comorbidities in U.S. Adults with Bipolar Disorder. Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8090168
AMA Style
Patel RS, Virani S, Saeed H, Nimmagadda S, Talukdar J, Youssef NA. Gender Differences and Comorbidities in U.S. Adults with Bipolar Disorder. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8(9):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8090168
Chicago/Turabian StylePatel, Rikinkumar S., Sanya Virani, Hina Saeed, Sai Nimmagadda, Jupi Talukdar, and Nagy A. Youssef. 2018. "Gender Differences and Comorbidities in U.S. Adults with Bipolar Disorder" Brain Sciences 8, no. 9: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8090168
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