Telemedicine in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Changes in Care in Response Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
3. Outcomes for Telemedicine in Movement Disorders
4. Telecare for Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
5. Tele-Education for Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
6. Teletreatment for Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
7. Teleresearch for Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
8. Cybersecurity for Telemedicine
9. Barriers and Limitations for Telemedicine
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Feigin, V.L.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abate, K.H.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdulle, A.M.; Abera, S.F.; Abyu, G.Y.; Ahmed, M.B.; Aichour, A.N.; Aichour, I.; et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Neurol. 2017, 16, 877–897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Feigin, V.L.; Nichols, E.; Alam, T.; Bannick, M.S.; Beghi, E.; Blake, N.; Culpepper, W.J.; Dorsey, E.R.; Elbaz, A.; Ellenbogen, R.G.; et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019, 18, 459–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Janca, A.; Aarli, J.A.; Prilipko, L.; Dua, T.; Saxena, S.; Saraceno, B. WHO/WFN Survey of neurological services: A worldwide perspective. J. Neurol. Sci. 2006, 247, 29–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shalash, A.; Spindler, M.; Cubo, E. Global Perspective on Telemedicine for Parkinson’s Disease. J. Park. Dis. 2021, 11, S11–S18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Available online: https://www.who.int/goe/publications/goe_telemedicine_2010.pdf (accessed on 24 July 2020).
- van den Bergh, R.; Bloem, B.R.; Meinders, M.J.; Evers, L.J.W. The state of telemedicine for persons with Parkinson’s disease. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2021, 34, 589–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hassan, A.; Mari, Z.; Gatto, E.M.; Cardozo, A.; Youn, J.; Okubadejo, N.; Bajwa, J.A.; Shalash, A.; Fujioka, S.; Aldaajani, Z.; et al. Global Survey on Telemedicine Utilization for Movement Disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mov. Disord. 2020, 35, 1701–1711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valdovinos, B.Y.; Modica, J.S.; Schneider, R.B. Moving Forward from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Needed Changes in Movement Disorders Care and Research. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2022, 22, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, E.G.; Chahine, L.M.; Goldman, S.M.; Korell, M.; Mann, E.; Kinel, D.R.; Arnedo, V.; Marek, K.L.; Tanner, C.M. The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People with Parkinson’s Disease. J. Park. Dis. 2020, 10, 1365–1377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, N.; Gupta, R.; Kumar, H.; Mehta, S.; Rajan, R.; Kumar, D.; Kandadai, R.M.; Desai, S.; Wadia, P.; Basu, P.; et al. Impact of home confinement during COVID-19 pandemic on Parkinson’s disease. Park. Relat. Disord. 2020, 80, 32–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva-Batista, C.; Coelho, D.B.; Junior, R.C.F.; Almeida, L.R.; Guimaraes, A.; Nobrega, K.C.C.; Machado Sanchez, H.; Lindquist, A.R.R.; Israel, V.L.; Kanegusuku, H.; et al. Multidimensional Factors Can Explain the Clinical Worsening in People with Parkinson’s Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Trial. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12, 708433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos-Garcia, D.; Oreiro, M.; Perez, P.; Fanjul, G.; Paz Gonzalez, J.M.; Feal Painceiras, M.J.; Cores Bartolome, C.; Valdes Aymerich, L.; Sancho, C.G.; Rodrigo, M.D.M.C. Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Survey of 568 Spanish Patients. Mov. Disord. 2020, 35, 1712–1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salari, M.; Zali, A.; Ashrafi, F.; Etemadifar, M.; Sharma, S.; Hajizadeh, N.; Ashourizadeh, H. Incidence of Anxiety in Parkinson’s Disease during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Mov. Disord. 2020, 35, 1095–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Camara, A.; Compta, Y.; Perez-Soriano, A.; Montagut, N.; Baixauli, M.; Maragall, L.; Ludena, E.; de Los Reyes, J.C.L.; Peri-Cusi, L.; Fernandez, N.; et al. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on people with multiple system atrophy participating in a therapeutic education program. Park. Relat. Disord. 2021, 86, 78–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Delgado, C.; Parees, I.; Kurtis, M.M. Patients’ Perspective of Dystonia Symptoms during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Mov. Disord. 2021, 36, 1485–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Graziola, F.; Garone, G.; Di Criscio, L.; Grasso, M.; Curatolo, P.; Vigevano, F.; Capuano, A. Impact of Italian lockdown on Tourette’s syndrome patients at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 74, 610–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feeney, M.P.; Xu, Y.; Surface, M.; Shah, H.; Vanegas-Arroyave, N.; Chan, A.K.; Delaney, E.; Przedborski, S.; Beck, J.C.; Alcalay, R.N. The impact of COVID-19 and social distancing on people with Parkinson’s disease: A survey study. NPJ Park. Dis. 2021, 7, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houston, E.; Kennedy, A.G.; O’Malley, D.; Rabinowitz, T.; Rose, G.L.; Boyd, J. Telemedicine in Neurology: A Scoping Review of Key Outcomes in Movement Disorders. Telemed. E Health 2022, 28, 295–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beck, C.A.; Beran, D.B.; Biglan, K.M.; Boyd, C.M.; Dorsey, E.R.; Schmidt, P.N.; Simone, R.; Willis, A.W.; Galifianakis, N.B.; Katz, M.; et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease. Neurology 2017, 89, 1152–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esper, C.D.; Scorr, L.; Papazian, S.; Bartholomew, D.; Esper, G.J.; Factor, S.A. Telemedicine in an Academic Movement Disorders Center during COVID-19. J. Mov. Disord. 2021, 14, 119–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Hao, H.; Chen, H.; Li, L. The Study on a Telemedicine Interaction Mode for Deep Brain Stimulation Postoperative Follow-Up. In Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy, 25–29 August 2015; Volume 2015, pp. 186–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorsey, E.R.; Venkataraman, V.; Grana, M.J.; Bull, M.T.; George, B.P.; Boyd, C.M.; Beck, C.A.; Rajan, B.; Seidmann, A.; Biglan, K.M. Randomized controlled clinical trial of “virtual house calls” for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2013, 70, 565–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Korn, R.E.; Wagle Shukla, A.; Katz, M.; Keenan, H.T.; Goldenthal, S.; Auinger, P.; Zhu, W.; Dodge, M.; Rizer, K.; Achey, M.A.; et al. Virtual visits for Parkinson disease: A multicenter noncontrolled cohort. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2017, 7, 283–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Demartini, B.; Bombieri, F.; Goeta, D.; Gambini, O.; Ricciardi, L.; Tinazzi, M. A physical therapy programme for functional motor symptoms: A telemedicine pilot study. Park. Relat. Disord. 2020, 76, 108–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bull, M.T.; Darwin, K.; Venkataraman, V.; Wagner, J.; Beck, C.A.; Dorsey, E.R.; Biglan, K.M. A pilot study of virtual visits in Huntington disease. J. Huntingt. Dis. 2014, 3, 189–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stillerova, T.; Liddle, J.; Gustafsson, L.; Lamont, R.; Silburn, P. Could everyday technology improve access to assessments? A pilot study on the feasibility of screening cognition in people with Parkinson’s disease using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment via Internet videoconferencing. Aust. Occup. Ther. J. 2016, 63, 373–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Samii, A.; Ryan-Dykes, P.; Tsukuda, R.A.; Zink, C.; Franks, R.; Nichol, W.P. Telemedicine for delivery of health care in Parkinson’s disease. J. Telemed. Telecare 2006, 12, 16–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Constantinescu, G.A.; Theodoros, D.G.; Russell, T.G.; Ward, E.C.; Wilson, S.J.; Wootton, R. Home-based speech treatment for Parkinson’s disease delivered remotely: A case report. J. Telemed. Telecare 2010, 16, 100–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gandolfi, M.; Geroin, C.; Dimitrova, E.; Boldrini, P.; Waldner, A.; Bonadiman, S.; Picelli, A.; Regazzo, S.; Stirbu, E.; Primon, D.; et al. Virtual Reality Telerehabilitation for Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease: A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. BioMed Res. Int. 2017, 2017, 7962826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lai, B.; Bond, K.; Kim, Y.; Barstow, B.; Jovanov, E.; Bickel, C.S. Exploring the uptake and implementation of tele-monitored home-exercise programmes in adults with Parkinson’s disease: A mixed-methods pilot study. J. Telemed. Telecare 2020, 26, 53–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quinn, L.; Macpherson, C.; Long, K.; Shah, H. Promoting Physical Activity via Telehealth in People with Parkinson Disease: The Path Forward after the COVID-19 Pandemic? Phys. Ther. 2020, 100, 1730–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffmann, T.; Russell, T.; Thompson, L.; Vincent, A.; Nelson, M. Using the Internet to assess activities of daily living and hand function in people with Parkinson’s disease. NeuroRehabilitation 2008, 23, 253–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dorsey, E.R.; Deuel, L.M.; Voss, T.S.; Finnigan, K.; George, B.P.; Eason, S.; Miller, D.; Reminick, J.I.; Appler, A.; Polanowicz, J.; et al. Increasing access to specialty care: A pilot, randomized controlled trial of telemedicine for Parkinson’s disease. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25, 1652–1659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schneider, R.; Dorsey, E.R.; Biglan, K. Telemedicine Care for Nursing Home Residents with Parkinsonism. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2016, 64, 218–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Venkataraman, V.; Donohue, S.J.; Biglan, K.M.; Wicks, P.; Dorsey, E.R. Virtual visits for Parkinson disease: A case series. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2014, 4, 146–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Parmanto, B.; Lewis, A.N., Jr.; Graham, K.M.; Bertolet, M.H. Development of the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ). Int. J. Telerehabil. 2016, 8, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mammen, J.R.; Elson, M.J.; Java, J.J.; Beck, C.A.; Beran, D.B.; Biglan, K.M.; Boyd, C.M.; Schmidt, P.N.; Simone, R.; Willis, A.W.; et al. Patient and Physician Perceptions of Virtual Visits for Parkinson’s Disease: A Qualitative Study. Telemed. E Health 2018, 24, 255–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willows, T.; Dizdar, N.; Nyholm, D.; Widner, H.; Grenholm, P.; Schmiauke, U.; Urbom, A.; Groth, K.; Larsson, J.; Permert, J.; et al. Initiation of Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion Using Telemedicine (Video Communication System) Facilitates Efficient and Well-Accepted Home Titration in Patients with Advanced Parkinson’s Disease. J. Park. Dis. 2017, 7, 719–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cubo, E.; Mariscal, N.; Solano, B.; Becerra, V.; Armesto, D.; Calvo, S.; Arribas, J.; Seco, J.; Martinez, A.; Zorrilla, L.; et al. Prospective study on cost-effectiveness of home-based motor assessment in Parkinson’s disease. J. Telemed. Telecare 2017, 23, 328–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, R.B.; Myers, T.L.; Tarolli, C.G.; Amodeo, K.; Adams, J.L.; Jensen-Roberts, S.; Dorsey, E.R. Remote Administration of the MDS-UPDRS in the Time of COVID-19 and Beyond. J. Park. Dis. 2020, 10, 1379–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Witek, N.; Heath, S.L.; Ouyang, B.; Tanner, C.M.; Galifianakis, N.B. Remote telemedicine evaluation of deep brain stimulation candidacy: Retrospective cohort analysis. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2020, 10, 199–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MDS Telemedicine Study Group. Telemedicine in Your Movement Disorders Practice, April 2020. Available online: https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees–Other-Groups/Telemedicine-in-Your-MovementDisorders-Practice-A-Step-by-Step-Guide.htm (accessed on 7 September 2022).
- Abdolahi, A.; Bull, M.T.; Darwin, K.C.; Venkataraman, V.; Grana, M.J.; Dorsey, E.R.; Biglan, K.M. A feasibility study of conducting the Montreal Cognitive Assessment remotely in individuals with movement disorders. Health Inform. J. 2016, 22, 304–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hawkins, A.K.; Creighton, S.; Ho, A.; McManus, B.; Hayden, M.R. Providing predictive testing for Huntington disease via telehealth: Results of a pilot study in British Columbia, Canada. Clin. Genet. 2013, 84, 60–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frich, J.C.; Rae, D.; Roxburgh, R.; Miedzybrodzka, Z.H.; Edmondson, M.; Pope, E.B.; Goodman, L.; Haddad, M.S.; Giuliano, J.; Nelson, E.C.; et al. Health Care Delivery Practices in Huntington’s Disease Specialty Clinics: An International Survey. J. Huntingt. Dis. 2016, 5, 207–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ben-Pazi, H.; Browne, P.; Chan, P.; Cubo, E.; Guttman, M.; Hassan, A.; Hatcher-Martin, J.; Mari, Z.; Moukheiber, E.; Okubadejo, N.U.; et al. The Promise of Telemedicine for Movement Disorders: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2018, 18, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Srinivasan, R.; Ben-Pazi, H.; Dekker, M.; Cubo, E.; Bloem, B.; Moukheiber, E.; Gonzalez-Santos, J.; Guttman, M. Telemedicine for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. Tremor Other Hyperkinetic Mov. 2020, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katz, M. Telehealth increases access to palliative care for people with Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. Ann. Palliat. Med. 2020, 9, S75–S79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marzinzik, F.; Wahl, M.; Doletschek, C.M.; Jugel, C.; Rewitzer, C.; Klostermann, F. Evaluation of a telemedical care programme for patients with Parkinson’s disease. J. Telemed. Telecare 2012, 18, 322–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Espay, A.J.; Bonato, P.; Nahab, F.B.; Maetzler, W.; Dean, J.M.; Klucken, J.; Eskofier, B.M.; Merola, A.; Horak, F.; Lang, A.E.; et al. Technology in Parkinson’s disease: Challenges and opportunities. Mov. Disord. 2016, 31, 1272–1282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Motolese, F.; Magliozzi, A.; Puttini, F.; Rossi, M.; Capone, F.; Karlinski, K.; Stark-Inbar, A.; Yekutieli, Z.; Di Lazzaro, V.; Marano, M. Parkinson’s Disease Remote Patient Monitoring during the COVID-19 Lockdown. Front. Neurol. 2020, 11, 567413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bloem, B.R.; Munneke, M. Revolutionising management of chronic disease: The ParkinsonNet approach. BMJ 2014, 348, g1838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nijkrake, M.J.; Keus, S.H.; Overeem, S.; Oostendorp, R.A.; Vlieland, T.P.; Mulleners, W.; Hoogerwaard, E.M.; Bloem, B.R.; Munneke, M. The ParkinsonNet concept: Development, implementation and initial experience. Mov. Disord. 2010, 25, 823–829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ypinga, J.H.L.; de Vries, N.M.; Boonen, L.; Koolman, X.; Munneke, M.; Zwinderman, A.H.; Bloem, B.R. Effectiveness and costs of specialised physiotherapy given via ParkinsonNet: A retrospective analysis of medical claims data. Lancet Neurol. 2018, 17, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cubo, E.; Doumbe, J.; Njiengwe, E.; Onana, P.; Garona, R.; Alcalde, J.; Seco, J.; Mariscal, N.; Epundugu, B.M.; Cubo, S.; et al. A Parkinson’s disease tele-education program for health care providers in Cameroon. J. Neurol. Sci. 2015, 357, 285–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cubo, E.; Doumbe, J.; Lopez, E.; Lopez, G.A.; Gatto, E.; Persi, G.; Guttman, M. Telemedicine Enables Broader Access to Movement Disorders Curricula for Medical Students. Tremor. Other Hyperkinet. Mov. 2017, 7, 501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suarez-Cedeno, G.; Pantelyat, A.; Mills, K.A.; Murthy, M.; Alshaikh, J.T.; Rosenthal, L.S.; Bang, J.; Moukheiber, E. Movement Disorders Virtual Fellowship Training in Times of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Single-Center Experience. Telemed. E Health 2021, 27, 1160–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Afshari, M.; Witek, N.P.; Galifianakis, N.B. Education Research: An experiential outpatient teleneurology curriculum for residents. Neurology 2019, 93, 170–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shah, S.P.; Glenn, G.L.; Hummel, E.M.; Hamilton, J.M.; Martine, R.R.; Duda, J.E.; Wilkinson, J.R. Caregiver tele-support group for Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Geriatr. Nurs. 2015, 36, 207–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Zhu, K.; Lin, Z.; Huang, P.; Pan, Y.; Sun, B.; Li, D. Utility of Deep Brain Stimulation Telemedicine for Patients With Movement Disorders During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Neuromodulation 2021, 24, 337–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez-Molinero, A.; Perez-Martinez, D.A.; Galvez-Barron, C.; Hernandez-Vara, J.; Martinez-Castrillo, J.C.; Alvarez, R.; de Fabregues, O.; Sama, A.; Perez-Lopez, C.; Romagosa, J.; et al. Remote control of apomorphine infusion rate in Parkinson’s disease: Real-time dose variations according to the patients’ motor state. A proof of concept. Park. Relat. Disord. 2015, 21, 996–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heldman, D.A.; Giuffrida, J.P.; Cubo, E. Wearable Sensors for Advanced Therapy Referral in Parkinson’s Disease. J. Park. Dis. 2016, 6, 631–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraint, A.; Stebbins, G.T.; Pal, G.; Comella, C.L. Reliability, feasibility and satisfaction of telemedicine evaluations for cervical dystonia. J. Telemed. Telecare 2020, 26, 560–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saiyed, M.; Hill, A.J.; Russell, T.G.; Theodoros, D.G.; Scuffham, P. Cost analysis of home telerehabilitation for speech treatment in people with Parkinson’s disease. J. Telemed. Telecare 2022, 28, 524–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Galea, M.D. Telemedicine in Rehabilitation. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. 2019, 30, 473–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schneider, R.B.; Omberg, L.; Macklin, E.A.; Daeschler, M.; Bataille, L.; Anthwal, S.; Myers, T.L.; Baloga, E.; Duquette, S.; Snyder, P.; et al. Design of a virtual longitudinal observational study in Parkinson’s disease (AT-HOME PD). Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2021, 8, 308–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vaswani, P.A.; Tropea, T.F.; Dahodwala, N. Overcoming Barriers to Parkinson Disease Trial Participation: Increasing Diversity and Novel Designs for Recruitment and Retention. Neurotherapeutics 2020, 17, 1724–1735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skalidis, I.; Muller, O.; Fournier, S. CardioVerse: The cardiovascular medicine in the era of Metaverse. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cubo, E.; Arnaiz-Rodriguez, A.; Arnaiz-Gonzalez, A.; Diez-Pastor, J.F.; Spindler, M.; Cardozo, A.; Garcia-Bustillo, A.; Mari, Z.; Bloem, B.R. Videoconferencing Software Options for Telemedicine: A Review for Movement Disorder Neurologists. Front. Neurol. 2021, 12, 745917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarolli, C.G.; Zimmerman, G.A.; Goldenthal, S.; Feldman, B.; Berk, S.; Siddiqi, B.; Kopil, C.M.; Chowdhury, S.; Biglan, K.M.; Dorsey, E.R.; et al. Video research visits for atypical parkinsonian syndromes among Fox Trial Finder participants. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2020, 10, 7–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, R.L.; Bush, E.J.; Hidecker, M.J.; Carrico, C.P.; Sundin, S. Considering Health Care Needs in a Rural Parkinson Disease Community. Prog. Community Health Partnersh. Res. Educ. Action 2020, 14, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spear, K.L.; Auinger, P.; Simone, R.; Dorsey, E.R.; Francis, J. Patient Views on Telemedicine for Parkinson Disease. J. Park. Dis. 2019, 9, 401–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristoffersen, E.S.; Sandset, E.C.; Winsvold, B.S.; Faiz, K.W.; Storstein, A.M. Experiences of telemedicine in neurological out-patient clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2021, 8, 440–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Courtney, E.; Blackburn, D.; Reuber, M. Neurologists’ perceptions of utilising tele-neurology to practice remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient Educ. Couns. 2021, 104, 452–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Advantages | Disadvantages | ||
---|---|---|---|
Outcomes -Feasibility -Satisfaction -Efficacy -Reliability -Patient perception | -Necessary for clinical comparison -Easy to analyze | Lack of information on other outcomes, such as cost-effectiveness | |
Clinical Care -Tele-expertise -Teleconsultation | -Improve patient’s access to movement disorders specialists -Improve the distribution of qualified health providers -Decrease travel burden | -Limited neurological exam -Limited information on the accuracy of first movement disorder consultation -Reduced quality of doctor–patient contact -Concerns for sensitive information -Limited access to technology in specific settings -Computer literacy -Limited clinician confidence | |
Tele-education -For health professionals -Patients and caregivers | -Prevent academic isolation -Facilitate distance learning -Indirectly improved access to healthcare | -Lack of specific outcomes for tele-education -Limited access to technology in specific settings -Internet connectivity issues -Computer literacy | |
Teletreatment | -Particularly indicated for homebound patients with comorbid diseases -Available for advanced therapies in PD | -Still little safety information -Internet connectivity issues -Computer literacy | |
Teleresearch (clinical trials) | -Improve access to research for minorities and underserved areas -Facilitate the collection of biological and safety data | -Limited information -Internet connectivity issues | |
Cybersecurity | -A legal framework has been developed in certain regions of the world. | -Detailed information about technical capabilities and data security of videoconferencing tools are not easily and openly retrievable |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cubo, E.; Delgado-López, P.D. Telemedicine in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121735
Cubo E, Delgado-López PD. Telemedicine in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(12):1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121735
Chicago/Turabian StyleCubo, Esther, and Pedro David Delgado-López. 2022. "Telemedicine in the Management of Parkinson’s Disease: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Perspectives" Brain Sciences 12, no. 12: 1735. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121735