Negative Impacts of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention in Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Apparatus, Materials, and Procedure
2.3.1. Measurement of Sleep Parameters
2.3.2. Measurement of Attention
2.3.3. Procedures
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Effects of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Sleep–Wake Rhythms on the Three Subfunctions of Attention
4.2. Control of Irrelevant Variables
4.3. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PSQI | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index |
BDI | Beck’s Depression Inventory |
SAS | Self-rating Anxiety Scale |
ANT | Attention Network Test |
CBT-i | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia |
RT | Response Time |
CRT | Cathode Ray Tube |
SD | Standard Deviation |
M | Mean |
ANT-I | Attention Network Test-Interaction |
ADHD | Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
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Experimental Group (n = 21) | Control Group (n = 20) | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Lower | Upper | |
Age | 20.6 | 1.7 | 20.2 | 1.1 | −0.5 | 1.3 |
Sleep duration (h) | 7.5 | 1.0 | 7.6 | 0.5 | −0.3 | 0.2 |
Sleep efficiency | 91% | 0.1 | 92% | 0.1 | −0.03 | 0.02 |
BDI | 6.8 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 5.4 | −1.3 | 6.0 |
SAS | 42.0 | 4.8 | 35.9 | 4.2 | 2.7 | 9.6 |
Condition | Group d | Pretest (M ± SD) | Midtest (M ± SD) | Posttest (M ± SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|
No cue | 1 | 638 ± 150 | 558 ± 36 | 553 ± 53 |
2 | 654 ± 60 | 600 ± 50 | 571 ± 42 | |
Central cue | 1 | 657 ± 133 | 577 ± 38 | 558 ± 48 |
2 | 636 ± 63 | 571 ± 42 | 552 ± 45 | |
Valid cue | 1 | 575 ± 143 | 498 ± 37 | 485 ± 54 |
2 | 559 ± 57 | 510 ± 43 | 486 ± 42 | |
Incongruent stimulus | 1 | 665 ± 140 | 581 ± 42 | 564 ± 56 |
2 | 666 ± 64 | 600 ± 47 | 574 ± 44 | |
Congruent stimulus | 1 | 581 ± 143 | 505 ± 34 | 499 ± 48 |
2 | 561 ± 53 | 514 ± 38 | 494 ± 39 | |
Alertness a | 1 | −19 ± 26 | −19 ± 16 | −6 ± 16 |
2 | 18 ± 26 | 28 ± 21 | 19 ± 20 | |
Orientation b | 1 | 82 ± 29 | 79 ± 13 | 74 ± 18 |
2 | 77 ± 34 | 61 ± 26 | 66 ± 23 | |
Executive control c | 1 | 84 ± 32 | 75 ± 25 | 66 ± 21 |
2 | 104 ± 32 | 85 ± 23 | 80 ± 19 |
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Li, Z.; Fu, S.; Jiang, F.; Nan, W. Negative Impacts of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention in Young Adults. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121643
Li Z, Fu S, Jiang F, Nan W. Negative Impacts of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention in Young Adults. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(12):1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121643
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zijun, Shimin Fu, Fan Jiang, and Weizhi Nan. 2022. "Negative Impacts of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention in Young Adults" Brain Sciences 12, no. 12: 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121643
APA StyleLi, Z., Fu, S., Jiang, F., & Nan, W. (2022). Negative Impacts of Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disturbances on Attention in Young Adults. Brain Sciences, 12(12), 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121643