Brain Anatomy Alterations and Mental Health Challenges Correlate to Email Addiction Tendency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Psychological Assessments
2.2.1. EATS
2.2.2. Internet Addiction Tendency (IAT)
2.2.3. Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices
2.2.4. Beck Depression Inventory-Second Version (BDI-II)
2.3. Brain IMAGE Acquisition
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Scale Validation Results
3.1.1. Validity
Content Validity
Construct Validity
3.1.2. Reliability
3.2. Behavioral Results
3.3. Neuroimaging Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Email Addiction Tendency Scale (EATS)
No. | Email Addiction Tendency Scale (EATS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Please Mark the Appropriate Frequency for the Following 20 Questions about Emails Using Your PC or Mobile Phone. | Never 1 | Rarely 2 | Sometimes 3 | Often 4 | Always 5 | |
1 | Have you ever emailed longer than you expected? | |||||
2 | Have you neglected to study because you spent a lot of time exchanging emails? | |||||
3 | Do you ever choose to spend more time with the stimulus you get by email rather than making friends with your friends? | |||||
4 | Do you ever make new acquaintances by email? | |||||
5 | Have anyone around you complained about the time you spend exchanging emails? | |||||
6 | Is the time spent on email negatively impacting school grades and study? | |||||
7 | Do you want to check your email when you have other things to do? | |||||
8 | Does email have a negative impact on study efficiency and outcomes? | |||||
9 | When asked what you are doing by email, do you defend yourself or become secretive? | |||||
10 | Do you ever try keeping real life problems out of your mind, thinking about having fun with email? | |||||
11 | Are you conscious of yourself looking forward to the next email? | |||||
12 | Do you ever feel anxious that life without email would be boring, empty, and dreadful? | |||||
13 | If someone interrupts you while you are emailing, do you bluntly say back, scream, or get annoyed? | |||||
14 | Can I get sleep deprived because I email at midnight? | |||||
15 | Do you think about email when you are not emailing, or fantasize about emailing? | |||||
16 | Do you make excuses for “only a few minutes left” when you are emailing? | |||||
17 | Have you ever tried shortening your email time and failed? | |||||
18 | Do you want to hide from people how long you have been emailing? | |||||
19 | Have you ever opted to spend more time exchanging emails instead of going out with others? | |||||
20 | If you don’t have a new email, you will feel depressed, in a bad mood, and frustrated, but have you ever experienced that you can get rid of it immediately by emailing? |
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Variables | Descriptive Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sex | M | SD | |
Email addiction tendency | Male | 31.60 | 10.05 |
Female | 32.92 | 9.64 | |
Internet addiction tendency | Male | 41.32 | 13.10 |
Female | 38.62 | 12.58 | |
Nonverbal reasoning | Male | 28.91 | 3.75 |
Female | 28.20 | 3.81 | |
Depression | Male | 8.05 | 6.20 |
Female | 8.35 | 6.50 |
No. | Items | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|
1 | Have you ever emailed longer than you expected? | 0.605 |
2 | Have you neglected to study because you spent a lot of time exchanging emails? | 0.698 |
3 | Do you ever choose to spend more time with the stimulus you get by email rather than making friends with your friends? | 0.678 |
4 | Do you ever make new acquaintances by email? | 0.507 |
5 | Have anyone around you complained about the time you spend exchanging emails? | 0.607 |
6 | Is the time spent on email negatively impacting school grades and study? | 0.727 |
7 | Do you want to check your email when you have other things to do? | 0.593 |
8 | Does email have a negative impact on study efficiency and outcomes? | 0.745 |
9 | When asked what you are doing by email, do you defend yourself or become secretive? | 0.614 |
10 | Do you ever try keeping real life problems out of your mind, thinking about having fun with email? | 0.681 |
11 | Are you conscious of yourself looking forward to the next email? | 0.610 |
12 | Do you ever feel anxious that life without email would be boring, empty, and dreadful? | 0.597 |
13 | If someone interrupts you while you are emailing, do you bluntly say back, scream, or get annoyed? | 0.632 |
14 | Can I get sleep deprived because I email at midnight? | 0.674 |
15 | Do you think about email when you are not emailing, or fantasize about emailing? | 0.710 |
16 | Do you make excuses for “only a few minutes left” when you are emailing? | 0.707 |
17 | Have you ever tried shortening your email time and failed? | 0.676 |
18 | Do you want to hide from people how long you have been emailing? | 0.645 |
19 | Have you ever opted to spend more time exchanging emails instead of going out with others? | 0.626 |
20 | If you don’t have a new email, you will feel depressed, in a bad mood, and frustrated, but have you ever experienced that you can get rid of it immediately by emailing? | 0.602 |
Percentage of total variance explained | 42.15 |
Lobe (L/R) | Nearest GM Area | MNI Coordinate | TFCE Value | Corrected p-Value (FWE) | Cluster Size (mm3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | |||||
Frontal(L) | rostrolateral prefrontal cortex | −23 | 57 | 27 | 1451.63 | 0.031 | 3125 |
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Sadeghi, S.; Takeuchi, H.; Shalani, B.; Taki, Y.; Nouchi, R.; Yokoyama, R.; Kotozaki, Y.; Nakagawa, S.; Sekiguchi, A.; Iizuka, K.; et al. Brain Anatomy Alterations and Mental Health Challenges Correlate to Email Addiction Tendency. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101278
Sadeghi S, Takeuchi H, Shalani B, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Yokoyama R, Kotozaki Y, Nakagawa S, Sekiguchi A, Iizuka K, et al. Brain Anatomy Alterations and Mental Health Challenges Correlate to Email Addiction Tendency. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(10):1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101278
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadeghi, Saeid, Hikaru Takeuchi, Bita Shalani, Yasuyuki Taki, Rui Nouchi, Ryoichi Yokoyama, Yuka Kotozaki, Seishu Nakagawa, Atsushi Sekiguchi, Kunio Iizuka, and et al. 2022. "Brain Anatomy Alterations and Mental Health Challenges Correlate to Email Addiction Tendency" Brain Sciences 12, no. 10: 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101278
APA StyleSadeghi, S., Takeuchi, H., Shalani, B., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Yokoyama, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., Sekiguchi, A., Iizuka, K., Hanawa, S., Araki, T., Miyauchi, C. M., Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, S., Yokota, S., Magistro, D., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2022). Brain Anatomy Alterations and Mental Health Challenges Correlate to Email Addiction Tendency. Brain Sciences, 12(10), 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101278