Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Cohort
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Demographics and Clinical Characteristics
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Overall (n = 130) | Non-Fatigue (n = 61) | Fatigue (n = 69) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.0 ± 14 | 48.5 ± 13.2 | 53.0 ± 13.5 | 0.02 |
Female n (%) | 45 (34.6) | 17 (27.8) | 28 (40.5) | 0.09 |
Active smoker n (%) | 23 (17.6) | 12 (19.6) | 11 (15.6) | 0.3 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 3 | 27.6 ± 3.8 | 28.2 ± 5.1 | 0.5 |
Underlying Diseases n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 53 (40.7) | 22 (36.0) | 31 (44.9) | 0.19 |
Overweight | 62 (47.6) | 35 (57.3) | 27 (39.1) | 0.11 |
Obesity | 38 (29.2) | 13 (21.3) | 25 (36.2) | 0.10 |
Diabetes | 41 (31.5) | 17 (27.8) | 24 (34.7) | 0.25 |
Chronic heart disease | 22 (16.9) | 9 (14.7) | 13 (18.8) | 0.35 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4 (3.0) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (4.3) | 0.35 |
Chronic kidney disease | 14 (10.7) | 5 (8.1) | 9 (13.0) | 0.27 |
Immunosuppressive condition | 15 (11.5) | 7 (11.4) | 8 (11.5) | 0.6 |
Psychiatric disorder | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 2 (2.8) | 0.28 |
Acute COVID-19 Characteristics | ||||
Mechanical ventilation n (%) | 29 (22.3) | 12 (19.6) | 17 (24.6) | 0.32 |
Days on mechanical ventilation | 15 ± 11 | 14 ± 10.5 | 15 ± 12 | 0.83 |
Length of hospital stay in days | 15 ±12 | 13 ± 10 | 17 ± 14 | 0.04 |
Days of follow-up since discharge | 270 ± 32 | 266 ± 30 | 273 ± 36 | 0.8 |
Laboratory Tests Median (IQR) | ||||
Ferritin ng/mL | 512 (200–865) | 501 (255–820) | 520 (162–880) | 0.73 |
NT-proBNP pg/mL | 242 (89–1055) | 200 (86–803) | 313 (94–1803) | 0.23 |
Hs-cTnI pg/mL | 9.2 (4.7–23) | 6.8 (4.7–18.5) | 11.4 (4.8–25.4) | 0.26 |
D-Dimer ng/mL | 0.35 (0.18–0.56) | 0.34 (0.16–0.76) | 0.37 (0.19–0.55) | 0.37 |
CRP mg/L | 121 (53.7–216.5) | 121 (57.8–217) | 123.5 (42.5–218.7) | 0.86 |
Fibrinogen g/L | 5.26 (4.49–6) | 5.5 (4.8–6) | 5.09 (4.3–6) | 0.16 |
IL-6 pg/mL | 4.5 (4.5–44.5) | 7.9 (4.5–64) | 4.5 (4.5–39.5) | 0.63 |
VEGF pg/mL | 53.2 (15–123.1) | 46.6 (15–119) | 60.6 (15–129.6) | 0.74 |
Neutrophil count, 103/L | 6.7 (4.1–10.5) | 6.7 (4.5–11.6) | 6.8 (4.1–9) | 0.30 |
Lymphocyte count, 103/L | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.83 |
AST U/L | 36 (22.3–57.9) | 36 (22.2–58.7) | 37.2 (22.1–56.5) | 0.80 |
Glucose mg/dL | 122 (105–153) | 120 (105.4–153) | 125 (104–153) | 0.81 |
Creatinine mg/dL | 0.9 (0.73–1.2) | 0.9 (0.72–1.24) | 0.9 (0.73–1.28) | 0.69 |
Symptoms | Overall (n = 130) | Non-Fatigue (n = 61) | Fatigue (n = 69) | p-Value | Overall (n = 130) | Non-Fatigue (n = 69) | Fatigue (n = 61) | Non-Fatigue at 3 Months vs. Non-Fatigue at 6 Months p-Value | p-Value | Fatigue at 3 Months vs. Fatigue at 6 Months p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | 69 (53.0) | 0 | 69 (100) | <0.001 | 61 (46.9) | 0 | 61 (100) | <0.001 | 0.3 | 0.19 |
Respiratory | ||||||||||
Resting dyspnea | 21 (16.2) | 6 (9.8) | 15 (21.7) | 0.053 | 21 (16.2) | 4 (5.8) | 17 (27.9) | 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.34 |
Dyspnea on effort | 66 (50.8) | 21 (34.4) | 44 (63.8) | 0.001 | 55 (42.3) | 16(23.2) | 39 (63.9) | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.5 |
Neurocognitive, Neurosensory, Perceptual Disturbances | ||||||||||
Concentration impairment | 30 (23.1) | 8 (13.1) | 22 (31.9) | 0.009 | 40 (30.8) | 10 (14.5) | 30 (49.2) | <0.001 | 0.51 | 0.05 |
Short-term memory loss | 59 (45.4) | 17 (27.9) | 36 (52.2) | 0.004 | 70 (53.8) | 29 (42) | 41 (67.2) | 0.003 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
Inability to focus vision | 50 (38.5) | 18 (29.5) | 34 (49.3) | 0.017 | 43 (33.1) | 13 (18.8) | 30 (49.2) | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.56 |
Light sensitivity | 24 (18.5) | 4 (6.6) | 17 (24.6) | 0.004 | 26 (20.0) | 8 (11.6) | 18 (29.5) | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.33 |
Anosmia | 16 (12.3) | 3 (4.9) | 11 (15.9) | 0.039 | 9 (6.9) | 4 (5.8) | 5 (8.2) | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.14 |
Ageusia | 16 (12.3) | 1 (1.6) | 13 (18.8) | 0.001 | 7 (5.4) | 3 (4.3) | 4 (6.6) | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.03 |
Tingling | 61 (46.9) | 20 (32.8) | 38 (55.1) | 0.009 | 61 (46.9) | 26 (37.7) | 35 (57.4) | 0.019 | 0.34 | 0.54 |
Sleep Disturbances | ||||||||||
Disturbance of sleep | 59 (45.4) | 17 (27.9) | 41 (59.4) | <0.001 | 66 (50.8) | 28 (40.6) | 38 (62.3) | 0.011 | 0.09 | 0.43 |
Unrefreshin sleep | 50 (38.4) | 15 (24.6) | 31 (44.9) | 0.012 | 63 (48.5) | 25 (36.2) | 38 (62.3) | 0.003 | 0.1 | 0.03 |
Autonomic Dysregulation | ||||||||||
Postural dizziness | 51 (39.2) | 16 (26.2) | 31 (44.9) | 0.021 | 46 (35.4) | 13 (18.8) | 33 (54.1) | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
Lightheadedness when prolonged standing | 22 (16.9) | 7 (11.5) | 15 (21.7) | 0.092 | 22 (16.9) | 7 (10.1) | 15 (24.6) | 0.025 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
Chest pain | 40 (30.8) | 9 (14.8) | 25 (36.2) | 0.004 | 36 (27.7) | 9 (13) | 27 (44.3) | <0.001 | 0.48 | 0.28 |
Tachycardia | 53 (40.8) | 15 (24.6) | 36 (52.2) | 0.001 | 46 (35.4) | 17 (24.6) | 29 (47.5) | 0.005 | 0.57 | 0.36 |
Change pattern of sweating | 47 (36.2) | 17 (27.9) | 26 (37.7) | 0.159 | 37 (28.5) | 11 (15.9) | 26 (42.6) | 0.001 | 0.07 | 0.34 |
Intolerance to temperature | 41 (31.5) | 12 (19.7) | 28 (40.6) | 0.008 | 40 (30.8) | 12 (17.4) | 28 (45.9) | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.33 |
Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary | ||||||||||
Stomach bloated after meals | 35 (26.9) | 9 (14.8) | 24 (34.8) | 0.007 | 45 (34.6) | 12 (17.4) | 33 (54.1) | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.03 |
Abdominal pain | 20 (15.4) | 5 (8.2) | 13 (18.8) | 0.065 | 20 (15.4) | 3 (4.3) | 17 (27.8) | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
Diarrhea | 19 (14.6) | 6 (9.8) | 13 (18.8) | 0.114 | 19 (14.6) | 6 (8.7) | 13 (21.3) | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.44 |
Constipation | 48 (36.9) | 14 (22.9) | 35 (50.7) | 0.001 | 36 (27.7) | 12 (17.4) | 24 (39.3) | 0.005 | 0.28 | 0.13 |
Nausea | 19 (14.6) | 3 (4.9) | 16 (23.2) | 0.003 | 22 (16.9) | 5 (7.2) | 17 (27.8) | <0.002 | 0.43 | 0.42 |
Urinary frequency | 44 (33.8) | 8 (13.1) | 21 (30.4) | 0.015 | 30 (23.1) | 12 (17.4) | 18 (29.5) | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.45 |
Difficulty emptying bladder | 18 (13.8) | 6 (9.8) | 14(20.3) | 0.07 | 14 (10.7) | 4 (5.8) | 10 (16.4) | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.36 |
Difficulty with sexual function | 28 (21.5) | 9 (14.8) | 17 (24.6) | 0.117 | 18 (13.8) | 8 (11.6) | 10 (16.4) | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.17 |
Pain | ||||||||||
Headache | 38 (29.2) | 12 (19.7) | 25 (36.2) | 0.028 | 48 (36.9) | 12 (17.4) | 36 (59) | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.01 |
Muscle pain | 53 (40.8) | 14 (22.9) | 39 (56.5) | <0.001 | 47 (36.2) | 11 (15.9) | 36 (59) | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.45 |
Joint pain | 50 (38.5) | 11 (18) | 34 (49.3) | <0.001 | 57 (43.8) | 18 (26.1) | 39 (63.9) | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.06 |
Psychiatric | ||||||||||
Anxiety | 51 (39.2) | 15 (24.6) | 39 (56.3) | <0.001 | 46 (35.4) | 11 (15.9) | 35 (57.4) | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.53 |
Depression | 46 (35.3) | 13 (21.3) | 31 (44.9) | 0.004 | 45 (34.6) | 13 (18.8) | 32 (52.5) | <0.001 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
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González-Hermosillo, J.A.; Martínez-López, J.P.; Carrillo-Lampón, S.A.; Ruiz-Ojeda, D.; Herrera-Ramírez, S.; Amezcua-Guerra, L.M.; Martínez-Alvarado, M.d.R. Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060760
González-Hermosillo JA, Martínez-López JP, Carrillo-Lampón SA, Ruiz-Ojeda D, Herrera-Ramírez S, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Martínez-Alvarado MdR. Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(6):760. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060760
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Hermosillo, J Antonio, Jhanea Patricia Martínez-López, Sofía Antonieta Carrillo-Lampón, Dayanara Ruiz-Ojeda, Sharon Herrera-Ramírez, Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra, and María del Rocío Martínez-Alvarado. 2021. "Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort" Brain Sciences 11, no. 6: 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060760
APA StyleGonzález-Hermosillo, J. A., Martínez-López, J. P., Carrillo-Lampón, S. A., Ruiz-Ojeda, D., Herrera-Ramírez, S., Amezcua-Guerra, L. M., & Martínez-Alvarado, M. d. R. (2021). Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort. Brain Sciences, 11(6), 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060760