Aberrant Learned Irrelevance in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Clinical and Cognitive Assessments
2.3. Learned Irrelevance Task
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Learned Irrelevance Task Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables of Interest 1 | Patients (n = 35) | Controls (n = 41) | χ²/t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age in years | 26.8 (7.9) | 24.3 (7.5) | 1.44 | 0.154 |
Female gender | 19 (54.3) | 19 (46.3) | 0.48 | 0.490 |
Years of education | 12.8 (2.8) | 14.2 (2.7) | −2.35 | 0.021 |
Cognitive performances | ||||
Letter number span | 14.0 (2.7) | 17.0 (3.1) | −4.47 | <0.001 |
Digit symbol | 9.5 (3.1) | 14.6 (2.9) | −7.39 | <0.001 |
Letter cancellation | 4.9 (5.4) | 2.0 (2.3) | 3.12 | 0.003 |
Logical memory | 9.0 (3.3) | 13.5 (3.6) | −5.70 | <0.001 |
Trail making A | 36.2 (14.6) | 27.1 (6.5) | 3.60 | 0.001 |
Trail making B | 71.2 (29.0) | 48.6 (15.2) | 4.34 | <0.001 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Age at onset | 26.3(8.2) | - | - | - |
Duration of untreated psychosis, days (median) | 114 | - | - | - |
PANSS positive symptom score 2 | 20.7 (6.2) | - | - | - |
PANSS disorganization score 2 | 8.2 (2.1) | - | - | - |
PSYRATS total | 54.2 (35.7) | - | - | - |
PSYRATS auditory hallucination subscale score | 25.5 (17.7) | - | - | - |
PSYRATS delusion subscale score | 29.5 (21.0) | - | - | - |
BNSS total | 18.6 (11.5) | - | - | - |
CDSS total | 4.1 (3.8) | - | - | - |
Treatment characteristics | - | - | - | |
Treatment duration in days (median) | 22 | - | - | - |
Use of antipsychotics 3 | 32 (91.4) | |||
Chlorpromazine equivalents | 322.8 (155.8) | - | - | - |
Predictive Cues | Nonpredictive Cues | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | rs | p | rs | p |
PANSS positive symptom score | −0.132 | 0.451 | −0.161 | 0.356 |
PSYRATS total score | −0.189 | 0.278 | −0.183 | 0.294 |
PSYRATS hallucination subscale score | −0.097 | 0.587 | −0.110 | 0.534 |
PSYRATS delusion subscale score | −0.157 | 0.368 | −0.176 | 0.313 |
PANSS disorganization score | 0.025 | 0.886 | −0.015 | 0.932 |
BNSS total score | −0.348 | 0.041 2 | −0.158 | 0.366 |
CDSS total score | 0.087 | 0.620 | −0.187 | 0.282 |
Chlorpromazine equivalents | −0.293 | 0.103 | −0.148 | 0.418 |
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Chu, R.S.-T.; Ng, C.-M.; Chan, K.-N.; Chan, K.-W.; Lee, H.-M.; Hui, L.-M.; Chen, E.; Chang, W.-C. Aberrant Learned Irrelevance in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111370
Chu RS-T, Ng C-M, Chan K-N, Chan K-W, Lee H-M, Hui L-M, Chen E, Chang W-C. Aberrant Learned Irrelevance in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111370
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Ryan Sai-Ting, Chung-Mun Ng, Kwun-Nam Chan, Kit-Wa Chan, Ho-Ming Lee, Lai-Ming Hui, Eric Chen, and Wing-Chung Chang. 2021. "Aberrant Learned Irrelevance in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorder" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111370