Non-Uniform Distribution of Contamination on Composite Insulators in HVDC Transmission Lines
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Natural Pollution Test in the Operating HVDC Transmission Lines
2.1. The Sample Arrangement and Contamination Distribution
2.2. Contamination Non-Uniformity of Operating HVDC Composite Insulator
3. Contamination Test in Wind Tunnel
3.1. Samples
3.2. Experimental Devices
3.3. Experimental Methods
4. Simulation Test Results
4.1. The Contamination Distribution of Insulators in Wind Tunnel
- (1)
- As is shown in Figure 7a, contamination distribution is obviously non-uniform on insulator surface. Contamination degree of leeward side of insulator is greater than that of windward side and fan-shaped pollution layer gets formed at leeward side. Thus, the contamination degree of the top surface is higher than that of the bottom surface. In the position towards air flow, a thicker pollution layer will also get formed at round bar. This is due to the air pressure in the position direct to the incoming air flow getting increased, causing more pollution particles to adhere on the insulator surface.
- (2)
- As is shown in Figure 7b, the effect of DC voltage on the contamination degree is obvious. Contamination degree in the dc energized condition is heavier than that in a non-energized condition. Besides this, contamination distribution along the insulator sting is obviously uneven, and the contamination degree of the high voltage area is much heavier than that of the middle area along the insulator sting, which is consistent with that observed at the operating HVDC transmission lines.
4.2. Effect of Wind Speed on Contamination Non-Uniformity
4.3. Effect of Particles Diameter on Contamination Non-Uniformity
4.4. Effect of Relatively Humidity on Contamination Non-Uniformity
5. Discussion
5.1. Numerical Calculation and Analysis of Electric Field Force
5.2. Future Research Directions
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The contamination on insulator surfaces is very non-uniform in operating HVDC transmission lines, the non-uniformity is mainly reflected in three aspects, such as the top and bottom surface, windward and leeward side, high voltage group and middle group area. The value of KT/B, KW/L, KH/M are 1/0.49, 1/1.45, 1/0.61 respectively. Besides this, the value of K* and K is almost equal.
- (2)
- The effects of particles diameter, wind velocity and relatively humidity on pollution non-uniformity were quantitatively computed through wind tunnel simulation results. With the increase of wind speed (particles diameter is 250 meshes, RH is 60%), KT/B value remains almost constant and stable at around 0.5. However, the KW/L value (within 1/0.81–1/1.75) and KH/M value (within 1/0.49–1/0.71) presents a downward trend.With the decrease of particles diameter (wind speed is 5 m/s, RH is 60%), the KT/B value (within 1/0.51–1/0.66) and KW/L (within 1/1.45–1/1.36) value are closer to 1, which means non-uniformity becomes smaller, while the KH/M value (within 1/0.65–1/0.58) is the opposite.The change of relative humidity has little effect on KT/B and KW/L. With the increase of relative humidity (wind speed is 5 m/s, particles diameter is 250 meshes), KT/B and KW/L values remain almost constant and stable at around 1/0.5, 1/1.44 respectively. However, with the increase of humidity, the KH/M value (within 1/0.65–1/0.72) is closer to 1.
- (3)
- The electric field around insulators is unevenly distributed around the insulator surface, causing different electric field force and the acceleration on particles in vertical direction at high voltage group and middle group area, which is the cause of the non-uniform distribution of contamination along the insulator string.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NSDD (mg/cm2) | NSDDT | NSDDB | NSDDW | NSDDL | NSDDH | NSDDM |
Average value | 0.342 | 0.167 | 0.208 | 0.301 | 0.316 | 0.193 |
σ | 13.5% | 11.1% | 8.6% | 9.6% | 9.3% | 8.2% |
ESDD (mg/cm2) | ESDDT | ESDDB | ESDDW | ESDDL | ESDDH | ESDDM |
Average value | 0.061 | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.054 | 0.056 | 0.035 |
σ | 13.6% | 9.1% | 8.8% | 10.5% | 10.2% | 8.7% |
K | KT/B | K*T/B | KW/L | K*W/L | KH/M | K*H/M |
Average value | 1/0.49 | 1/0.51 | 1/1.45 | 1/1.46 | 1/0.61 | 1/0.62 |
Sample | Material | Parameters (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
D | d | H | ||
Type-A | Silicon rubber | 135 | 105 | 660 |
Powder Specification (mesh) | d (10%) | d (50%) | d (90%) | D50 (μm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
250 | 35.3 | 46.5 | 57.8 | 46.5 |
400 | 22.3 | 27.7 | 35.2 | 27.7 |
800 | 11.8 | 15.9 | 17.6 | 15.9 |
2000 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 4.2 |
Wind Speed (m/s) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|
NSDD (mg/cm2) | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.32 |
σ | 5.7% | 6.8% | 7.3% | 6.5% |
KT/B | 1/0.48 | 1/0.52 | 1/0.51 | 1/0.55 |
KW/L | 1/0.81 | 1/1.22 | 1/1.45 | 1/1.75 |
KH/M | 1/0.49 | 1/0.56 | 1/0.65 | 1/0.71 |
D50 (μm) | 46.5 | 27.7 | 15.9 | 4.2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
NSDD (mg/cm2) | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.35 |
σ | 7.7% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 3.6% |
KT/B | 1/0.51 | 1/0.56 | 1/0.62 | 1/0.66 |
KW/L | 1/1.45 | 1/1.42 | 1/1.40 | 1/1.36 |
KH/M | 1/0.65 | 1/0.63 | 1/0.60 | 1/0.58 |
Relatively Humidity | 60% | 70% | 80% | 90% |
---|---|---|---|---|
NSDD (mg/cm2) | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.26 |
Σ | 4.1% | 5.6% | 7.2% | 7.7% |
KT/B | 1/0.51 | 1/0.51 | 1/0.53 | 1/0.49 |
KW/L | 1/1.45 | 1/1.44 | 1/1.45 | 1/1.43 |
KH/M | 1/0.65 | 1/0.67 | 1/0.70 | 1/0.72 |
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Zhang, Z.; Qiao, X.; Yang, S.; Jiang, X. Non-Uniform Distribution of Contamination on Composite Insulators in HVDC Transmission Lines. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1962. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101962
Zhang Z, Qiao X, Yang S, Jiang X. Non-Uniform Distribution of Contamination on Composite Insulators in HVDC Transmission Lines. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(10):1962. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101962
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Zhijin, Xinhan Qiao, Shenghuan Yang, and Xingliang Jiang. 2018. "Non-Uniform Distribution of Contamination on Composite Insulators in HVDC Transmission Lines" Applied Sciences 8, no. 10: 1962. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101962
APA StyleZhang, Z., Qiao, X., Yang, S., & Jiang, X. (2018). Non-Uniform Distribution of Contamination on Composite Insulators in HVDC Transmission Lines. Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1962. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101962