Biodegradation of High Concentrations of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil from a Petroleum Refinery: Implications for Applicability of New Actinobacterial Strains
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Used and Its Characteristics
2.2. Cultivation of Biodegrading Microorganisms
2.3. Microbial Cultures
2.4. Experimental Setup
2.5. Sampling and Analysis
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Experiment A
3.2. Experiment B
4. Discussion
4.1. Applicability for Bulk Bioremediation
4.2. Possible Role of Siderophores
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Concentration |
---|---|
Hydrocarbon content | |
Aliphatics C10-C40 [g∙kg−1 dwt] | 80.7 ± 2.2 |
Sum of PAHs [mg∙kg−1 dwt] 1 | 95 ± 29 |
Water extractable elements 2 | [mg/kg dwt] |
Al | 68.2 ± 1.2 |
As | <0.1 |
Ba | 46.3 ± 1.1 |
Ca | 67478 ± 713 |
Cd | <0.02 |
Co | <0.02 |
Cr | <0.02 |
Cu | 11.4 ± 0.4 |
Fe | 161.1 ± 5.1 |
K | 3253 ± 40 |
Li | <0.1 |
Mg | 2444 ± 46 |
Mn | 242 ± 1.6 |
Mo | 5.8 ± 0.4 |
Na | 1652 ± 81 |
Ni | 9.4 ± 0.0 |
P | 2.6 ± 0.3 |
Pb | <0.07 |
S | 2480 ± 51 |
Sb | <0.1 |
Se | <0.1 |
Sn | <0.3 |
Sr | 244.5 ± 5.0 |
Ti | <0.02 |
Zn | 159.4 ± 4.8 |
Zr | <0.02 |
Chemical properties | |
TOC [g/kg dwt] | 14.3 ± 0.4 |
pH | 7.76 ± 0.10 |
Set-Up, Maintenance | |
---|---|
Experiment A | 2.0 kg soil, periodic addition of… |
AC (control) | Distilled water only |
AA (bioaugmentation) | Bacillus sp. + Ochrobactrum sp. suspended in water |
AS (biostimulation) | Mineral nutrients BSM |
AD (combination) | Bacillus sp. + Ochrobactrum sp. suspended in mineral nutrients medium (BSM) |
Experiment B | 0.5 kg soil, initial addition of… |
BC (control) | water (60 mL) |
BD (DFOB) | 2 mM Desferrioxamine (60 mL) |
BG1 (Fe2+) | G. rubripertincta CWB2 + 60 mL Fe2+-containing BSM |
BG2 (no Fe) | G. rubripertincta CWB2 + 60 mL Fe-free BSM |
BG3 (Fe3+) | G. rubripertincta CWB2 + 60 mL Fe-free BSM + FeCl3 (5 g∙kg−1 soil) |
BR1 (Fe2+) | R. erythropolis S43 + 60 mL Fe2+-containing BSM |
BR2 (no Fe2+) | R. erythropolis S43 + 60 mL Fe-free BSM |
BR3 (Fe3+) | R. erythropolis S43 + 60 mL Fe-free BSM + FeCl3 (5 g∙kg−1 soil) |
Variant | C10−C40 [g·kg−1 dwt] | DHA [mU·kg−1 dwt] | Respiration [U·kg−1 dwt] | TOC [%] | Fe 1 [kg−1 dwt] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experiment A–Mixed culture (455 days) | |||||
Day 0 | 81.6 ± 2.5 | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 14.9 ± 0.5 | NA |
Day 455 | |||||
AC (control) | 78.4 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 14.7 ± 0.6 | NA |
AA (bioaugmentation) | 86.2 ± 3.4 | 6.4 ± 0.8 *** | 2.5 ± 0.8 * | 15.1 ± 0.4 | NA |
AS (biostimulation) | 87.8 ± 3.3 | 2.4 ± 1.1 ** | 2.9 ± 0.7 *** | 14.3 ± 0.7 | NA |
AD (biostim. + bioaug.) | 78.1 ± 3.1 | 10.1 ± 1.8 *** | 4.3 ± 0.4 *** | 15.1 ± 2.9 | NA |
Experiment B-G. rubripertincta CWB2, R. erythropolis S43 (45 days) | |||||
Day 0 | †† 79.7 ± 2.0c | 3.4 ± 1.6a * | 11.7 ± 0.9c ** | 13.5 ± 0.4a | 197 ± 6a |
Day 45 | |||||
BC (control) | 78.2 ± 2.2bc | 0.8 ± 0.9a | †† 0.6 ± 0.9a | †† 13.3 ± 0.5a | 198 ± 7a |
BD (DFOB) | 60.3 ± 0.7de ** | †† 4.3 ± 1.3a ** | A 0 ± 0a | 13.0 ± 0.6a | 223 ± 32a |
BG1 (Fe2+) | 54.2 ± 4.6e ** | 6.7 ± 4.0ab * | 2.6 ± 1.6a | 12.8 ± 0.6a | 224 ± 26a |
BG2 (no Fe) | 66.4 ± 7.5ad ** | 3.7 ± 3.5a | A 0 ± 0a | 13.4 ± 0.4a | 213 ± 24a |
BG3 (Fe3+) | 75.1 ± 5.8bc | †† 7.2 ± 9.5ab | ††† 0.4 ± 0.2a | 13.1 ± 0.9a | 221 ± 15a * |
BR1 (Fe2+) | 70.2 ± 0.9ab ** | † 40.8 ± 7.8c ** | 6.5 ± 1.7b ** | † 13.0 ± 0.6a | 220 ± 41ab |
BR2 (no Fe2+) | †† 67.0 ± 3.6ad ** | 17.0 ± 9.8b ** | 12.0 ± 4.0c ** | 13.5 ± 0.4a | 253 ± 18b * |
BR3 (Fe3+) | 73.2 ± 8.5abc | 52.4 ± 13.5c ** | 7.9 ± 1.4b ** | 13.1 ± 0.7a | 208 ± 41a |
Comparison of microorganisms considered as single factors | |||||
Day 45 | |||||
G. rubripertincta CWB2 (BG1 to BG3) | 65.2 ± 10.5 ** | 5.9 ± 6.5 ** | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 13.1 ± 0.7 | 219 ± 20 * |
R. erythropolis S43 (BR1 to BR3) | 70.2 ± 5.9 ** | 36.7 ± 18.1 *** | 8.8 ± 3.5 *** | 13.2 ± 0.6 | 227 ± 36 |
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Trögl, J.; Esuola, C.O.; Kříženecká, S.; Kuráň, P.; Seidlová, L.; Veronesi-Dáňová, P.; Popelka, J.; Babalola, O.O.; Hrabák, P.; Czinnerová, M.; et al. Biodegradation of High Concentrations of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil from a Petroleum Refinery: Implications for Applicability of New Actinobacterial Strains. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101855
Trögl J, Esuola CO, Kříženecká S, Kuráň P, Seidlová L, Veronesi-Dáňová P, Popelka J, Babalola OO, Hrabák P, Czinnerová M, et al. Biodegradation of High Concentrations of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil from a Petroleum Refinery: Implications for Applicability of New Actinobacterial Strains. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(10):1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101855
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrögl, Josef, Catherine Oluwakemi Esuola, Sylvie Kříženecká, Pavel Kuráň, Lenka Seidlová, Petra Veronesi-Dáňová, Jan Popelka, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola, Pavel Hrabák, Marie Czinnerová, and et al. 2018. "Biodegradation of High Concentrations of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil from a Petroleum Refinery: Implications for Applicability of New Actinobacterial Strains" Applied Sciences 8, no. 10: 1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101855