Prediction of Water Inrush Hazard in Fully Mechanized Coal Seams’ Mining Under Aquifers by Numerical Simulation in ANSYS Software
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Engineering Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Geological and Engineering Conditions
3.2. Numerical Model
3.3. Simulation Results
- -
- The center of the goaf of the 817 longwall panel, where maximum vertical and horizontal displacements are observed;
- -
- The edge of the 817 longwall panel, where significant horizontal deformations occur.
4. Discussion
- Construction of a numerical model based on geological exploration data.
- Calibration of the model and verification of its adequacy.
- Calculation of the stress–strain state of the rock mass.
- Analysis of the stresses and strains at the lower boundary of the aquifer.
- Calculation of safety factor (Stress) and safety factor (Strain) by mathematical expressions (4), (5).
- Determination of the probabilities of rock mass failure (Figure 15).
- Estimating inrush risk (Table 4).
- Additional assessment of the influence of faults with steep dip angles and large displacement.
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The stress–strain analysis highlights where two potentially hazardous zones of rock mass failure near the aquifer may be found:
- -
- Above the goaf of the longwall panel, where maximum vertical and horizontal displacements and strain are observed;
- -
- Above the edge of the longwall panel, where maximum vertical stress occurs.
- (2)
- Safety factors, based on the stress and strain parameters, can be used as criteria for the risk of rock failure in the aquifer zone. The result of numerical simulation indicates that the risk of failure of surrounding rock near the aquifer based on the calculation of the strain safety factor is extremely low. The safety factor by stress indicates a conditionally stable state of rock mass near the aquifer zone. Based on current geotechnical engineering studies, it is possible to recalculate safety factors to probabilities of rock failure. For example, for the edge of the 817 longwall panel, a safety factor of 1.15 corresponds to probabilities of rock failure of 0.12–0.25.
- (3)
- The algorithm for determining the risk of water inflow from aquifer is proposed. The proposed algorithm has been tested for the conditions of 817 longwall panel of the Xinhu Coal Mine.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coal Mine Name | Sudden Water Time | Maximum Surge Capacity (m3/h) | Hydrogeological Features | Impact |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cuimu Mine | 2013 | 1300 | Water in the Yijun formation sandstone and Luohe formation sandstone aquifers | Discontinued |
Guojiahe Coal Mine | 2016 | 2300 | Water in the Yijun formation sandstone and Luohe formation sandstone aquifers | Discontinued |
Yuanzigou Coal Mine | 2019 | 570 | Water in the Yijun formation sandstone and Luohe formation sandstone aquifers | Discontinued |
Gaojiabao Coal Mine | 2015 | 3000 | Low river formation sandstone aquifer | Discontinued |
Zhaojin Coal Mine | 2013 2016 | - | Rock river formation sandstone fissure aquifer | 11 deaths |
Yangliu Coal Mine | 2017 | - | Water in the sandstone aquifer of the stone box formation | Potential threats |
Fangezhuang Coal Mine | 2016 | 60 | Hydraulic fracture zones, sandstone fracture-bearing aquifers | No impact |
Daliu Coal Mine | 2013 | 430 | Water-conducting fracture zones, geological for-mations | Discontinued |
Wanglou Coal Mine | 2013 | 1345.7 | Jurassic sand and conglomerate fissure aquifer | Discontinued |
Lijialou Coal Mine | 2016 | 3158 | Water-conductive rift zone | Discontinued |
Shajihai Coal Mine | 2016 | - | Water from the Headunhe formation aquifer, water from the Xishangyao formation medium-coarse sandstone aquifer | Discontinued |
Shilawusu Coal Mine | 2018 | 921.4 | Cretaceous Luohe formation sandstone aquifer | Discontinued |
, (GPa) | , (GPa) | , (GPa) | , (GPa) | , (GPa) | , (GPa) | Density, kg/m3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary sediments | |||||||||
1.4 | 6.3 | 1.4 | 0.27 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.55 | 2.86 | 0.56 | 2000 |
Rock strata group #1 | |||||||||
2.1 | 19.2 | 2.1 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.85 | 8.57 | 0.86 | 2350 |
Rock strata group #2 | |||||||||
2.9 | 24 | 2.9 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.18 | 10.71 | 1.19 | 2550 |
Rock strata group #3 | |||||||||
2.45 | 19.2 | 2.45 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 8.57 | 1.00 | 2450 |
Rock strata group #4 | |||||||||
2.6 | 22.8 | 2.6 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.06 | 10.18 | 1.07 | 2500 |
Rock strata group #5 | |||||||||
2.1 | 19.2 | 2.1 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.85 | 8.57 | 0.86 | 2350 |
Rock strata group #6 | |||||||||
2.45 | 19.2 | 2.45 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 8.57 | 1.00 | 2450 |
Length of the Semi-Trough, m | Subsidence, m |
---|---|
0.00 | −1.80524 |
62.00 | −1.78719 |
124.00 | −1.71498 |
186.00 | −1.55251 |
248.00 | −1.28172 |
310.00 | −0.90262 |
372.00 | −0.52352 |
434.00 | −0.25273 |
496.00 | −0.09026 |
558.00 | −0.01805 |
620.00 | 0 |
Length of the Semi-Trough, m | Subsidence According to | Absolute Error, mm | Percentage Error, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MFEU, mm | FEM (Finite Element Method), mm | |||
0 | 1800 | 1810 | −10 | −0.5556 |
50 | 1800 | 1810 | −10 | −0.5556 |
100 | 1792.5 | 1810 | −17.5 | −0.9763 |
150 | 1772.5 | 1810 | −37.5 | −2.1157 |
200 | 1742.2 | 1810 | −67.8 | −3.8916 |
250 | 1699 | 1797.5 | −98.5 | −5.7975 |
300 | 1639.2 | 1755.7 | −116.5 | −7.1071 |
350 | 1557.6 | 1671.5 | −113.9 | −7.3125 |
400 | 1443.8 | 1523.6 | −79.8 | −5.5271 |
450 | 1280 | 1280 | 0 | 0.0000 |
500 | 991.9 | 1066 | −74.1 | −7.4705 |
550 | 665.8 | 809.1 | −143.3 | −21.5230 |
600 | 403.5 | 532.5 | −129 | −31.9703 |
650 | 218.4 | 305.3 | −86.9 | −39.7894 |
700 | 98.6 | 158.9 | −60.3 | −61.1562 |
750 | 36.6 | 69.9 | −33.3 | −90.9836 |
800 | 6.7 | 26.1 | −19.4 | −289.5522 |
Total | 18,948.3 | 20,046.1 | −1097.8 |
Inrush Risk Level | Probability of Failure, % | Probability of Failure Level | Accident Risk Caused by Rock Failure |
---|---|---|---|
Low | 16.0–36.9 | Very low | Acceptable |
Average | 37.0–57.9 | Possible | Acceptable in case of supervision and repetitive monitoring |
High | 58.0–78.9 | Expectable | Nonacceptable without regular control measures |
Critical | 79.0–100.0 | Very expectable | Nonacceptable |
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Sakhno, I.; Zuievska, N.; Xiao, L.; Zuievskyi, Y.; Sakhno, S.; Semchuk, R. Prediction of Water Inrush Hazard in Fully Mechanized Coal Seams’ Mining Under Aquifers by Numerical Simulation in ANSYS Software. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 4302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084302
Sakhno I, Zuievska N, Xiao L, Zuievskyi Y, Sakhno S, Semchuk R. Prediction of Water Inrush Hazard in Fully Mechanized Coal Seams’ Mining Under Aquifers by Numerical Simulation in ANSYS Software. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(8):4302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084302
Chicago/Turabian StyleSakhno, Ivan, Natalia Zuievska, Li Xiao, Yurii Zuievskyi, Svitlana Sakhno, and Roman Semchuk. 2025. "Prediction of Water Inrush Hazard in Fully Mechanized Coal Seams’ Mining Under Aquifers by Numerical Simulation in ANSYS Software" Applied Sciences 15, no. 8: 4302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084302
APA StyleSakhno, I., Zuievska, N., Xiao, L., Zuievskyi, Y., Sakhno, S., & Semchuk, R. (2025). Prediction of Water Inrush Hazard in Fully Mechanized Coal Seams’ Mining Under Aquifers by Numerical Simulation in ANSYS Software. Applied Sciences, 15(8), 4302. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084302