Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests

Bartnik, Grzegorz; Maślakowski, Maciej; Godlewski, Tomasz; Nasiłowski, Kamil

doi:10.3390/app151810050

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Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests

¹

Institute of Roads and Bridges, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 16 Armii Ludowej Avenue, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

²

Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerów St., 02-656 Warsaw, Poland

³

Institute of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(18), 10050; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810050

Submission received: 23 July 2025 / Revised: 11 September 2025 / Accepted: 12 September 2025 / Published: 14 September 2025

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Abstract

The technique of static or dynamic probing is the most commonly used research method for characterizing soil media under in situ conditions. It allows engineers and geotechnical specialists to gain crucial insights into the soil properties, which are essential for designing foundations and other structural elements. One of the newest devices, the Panda variable energy dynamic penetrometer, has gained popularity due to its versatility and ease of use. It is widely used in Western European countries, especially in France, but remains practically unknown in Poland, where traditional methods as static and dynamic probe tests still dominate. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of field test results, including static cone penetrometer CPTu, lightweight dynamic penetrometer DPL, and the PANDA dynamic penetrometer. The aim of these tests was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Panda cone penetrometer by comparing the obtained results with those from the CPTu and the DPL. Correlational relationships obtained between the static (q_c) and dynamic (q_d) penetration resistance of the CPTu, DPL and Panda probes are presented.

Keywords: cone penetration resistance; dynamic probe DPL; PANDA; static probe CPTu

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Bartnik, G.; Maślakowski, M.; Godlewski, T.; Nasiłowski, K. Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810050

AMA Style

Bartnik G, Maślakowski M, Godlewski T, Nasiłowski K. Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(18):10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810050

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bartnik, Grzegorz, Maciej Maślakowski, Tomasz Godlewski, and Kamil Nasiłowski. 2025. "Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests" Applied Sciences 15, no. 18: 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810050

APA Style

Bartnik, G., Maślakowski, M., Godlewski, T., & Nasiłowski, K. (2025). Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests. Applied Sciences, 15(18), 10050. https://doi.org/10.3390/app151810050

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Comparison of the Cone Penetration Resistance Obtained in Static CPTu, and Dynamic DPL and PANDA In Situ Tests

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