Investigation of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines in Utility Tunnel Leakage and Development of an Accident Ventilation Strategy for the Worst Leakage Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical and Mathematical Model
2.1. Physical Model
2.2. Mathematical Model
2.2.1. Model Simplification
- The gas leakage process at the leakage hole is isentropic, which means that the mass flow rate of HBNG at the leakage hole remains constant.
- The influence of air viscosity is disregarded.
- It is assumed that the HBNG is composed exclusively of methane and hydrogen. Following a leakage, these components become mixed with the surrounding air. These components are also believed to leak, behave as ideal gases, and not undergo any chemical reactions with each other.
- The walls of the natural gas compartment are adiabatic, which signifies the absence of heat transfer between the system and its surroundings.
2.2.2. Leakage Diffusion Modelling
- 1.
- Continuity equations:
- 2.
- Energy equation:
- 3.
- Momentum equation:
- 4.
- Component transport equation:
- 5.
- Turbulence equation:
2.3. Physical Properties of Components
2.4. Boundary Conditions
2.4.1. Boundary Condition Type Setting
2.4.2. Inlet Condition Setting
2.4.3. Leak Hole Condition Setting
2.5. Working Conditions
2.6. Verification of Grid-Independence
2.7. Initial Conditions and Solution Methods
- Initial conditions:
- 2.
- Solution methods:
2.8. Model Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HBNG Leakage Pattern under Natural Ventilation
3.2. Analysis of Factors Affecting the Spread of HBNG Leakage under Normal Ventilation Conditions
3.2.1. HBNG Leakage Pattern under Normal Ventilation
3.2.2. Different Leakage Hole Sizes
3.2.3. Different Pipeline Pressures
3.2.4. Different HBR
3.2.5. Different Leak Locations
3.3. Ventilation Strategy for HBNG Leakage Accidents Based on the Most Unfavorable Leakage Conditions
3.3.1. Determination of the Most Unfavorable Leakage Conditions
3.3.2. Minimal Accident Ventilation Strategy for Sub-High Pressure HBNG Pipelines under Most Unfavorable Working Conditions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial Number | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
X Coordinate | −97.5 | −82.5 | −67.5 | −52.5 | −37.5 | −22.5 | −7.5 | 0 | 7.5 | 22.5 | 37.5 | 52.5 | 67.5 | 82.5 | 97.5 |
Symbol | Terminology | Unit |
---|---|---|
Gas density | ||
Natural gas enthalpy value | ||
Surface forces perform work on a micro-unit | ||
Thermal conductivity | ||
Thermodynamic temperatures of micro-unit | ||
Energy dissipation function | ||
Endothermic terms for micro-unit | ||
Dynamic viscosity | ||
, | The force acting on the x y coordinate axes of the micro-unit | |
Pulsating expansion term for component i in compressible turbulence | ||
Diffusive flux of component i | ||
Chemical net source term for a substance i | ||
Mole fraction of component i | ||
Diffusion coefficient | ||
Turbulent kinetic energy | ||
Turbulent dissipation rate | ||
Turbulent viscosity | ||
Turbulent kinetic energy from mean velocity gradient | ||
Dissipation rate from compressed turbulent dynamic expansion | ||
, | Custom source items | |
,,,, | Model coefficients for turbulence equations | |
Gas flow time | s | |
Absolute pressure | Pa | |
Mass fraction of component | % | |
The relative molecular mass of air | ||
The relative molecular mass of methane | ||
Explosive limits of gas mixtures | % | |
Volume fraction of hydrogen in the gas mixture | % | |
Volume fraction of methane in the gas mixture | % | |
Explosive limit of hydrogen | % | |
Explosive limit of methane | % | |
Air velocity | m/s | |
Gas compartment volume | m3 | |
Ventilation opening area | m2 |
Gas Type | ) | LEL (vol%) | UEL (vol%) |
---|---|---|---|
CH4 | 0.6679 | 4.9 | 15 |
H2 | 0.0819 | 4.0 | 75.9 |
HBR (%) | LEL | UEL |
---|---|---|
0 | 0.0279 | 0.0878 |
5 | 0.0275 | 0.0917 |
10 | 0.0272 | 0.0960 |
15 | 0.0268 | 0.1001 |
20 | 0.0265 | 0.1060 |
Model Boundary | Boundary Type | Setting Parameters |
---|---|---|
air inlet | velocity inlet | velocity magnitude, species |
leakage hole | mass-flow-inlet | mass flow rate, species |
air outlet | pressure-outlet | |
wall, firewall, ceiling | wall | |
fluid domain | interior |
Ventilation Strategies | 6 Times/h | 12 Times/h | 15 Times/h | 18 Times/h | 21 Times/h | 22 Times/h |
air velocity | 1.33 m/s | 2.66 m/s | 3.325 m/s | 3.99 m/s | 4.655 m/s | 4.87 m/s |
Pipeline Pressure (MPa) | Leakage Hole Diameter (mm) | Mass Flow Rate (kg/s) |
---|---|---|
0.4 | 4 | 0.0106 |
5 | 0.0166 | |
6 | 0.0239 | |
0.8 | 5 | 0.0298 |
1.6 | 5 | 0.0563 |
Pipeline Pressure (MPa) | Initial Gauge Pressure (MPa) |
---|---|
0.4 | 0.274 |
0.8 | 0.493 |
1.6 | 0.932 |
Case | Pipeline Pressure (MPa) | Leakage Hole Diameter (mm) | Leak Hole Location | HBR (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Case1 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 0 | 0 |
Case2 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 0 | 5 |
Case3 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 0 | 10 |
Case4 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 0 | 15 |
Case5 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 0 | 20 |
Case6 | 0.4 | 4 | X = 0 | 15 |
Case7 | 0.4 | 6 | X = 0 | 15 |
Case8 | 0.8 | 5 | X = 0 | 15 |
Case9 | 1.6 | 5 | X = 0 | 15 |
Case10 | 0.4 | 5 | X = −50 | 15 |
Case11 | 0.4 | 5 | X = −97.5 | 15 |
Case12 | 0.4 | 5 | X = −99.5 | 15 |
Case13 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 50 | 15 |
Case14 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 97.5 | 15 |
Case15 | 0.4 | 5 | X = 99.5 | 15 |
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Xu, Z.; Guan, B.; Wei, L.; Chen, S.; Li, M.; Jiang, X. Investigation of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines in Utility Tunnel Leakage and Development of an Accident Ventilation Strategy for the Worst Leakage Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062667
Xu Z, Guan B, Wei L, Chen S, Li M, Jiang X. Investigation of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines in Utility Tunnel Leakage and Development of an Accident Ventilation Strategy for the Worst Leakage Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(6):2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062667
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhe, Bing Guan, Lixin Wei, Shuangqing Chen, Minghao Li, and Xiaoyu Jiang. 2024. "Investigation of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines in Utility Tunnel Leakage and Development of an Accident Ventilation Strategy for the Worst Leakage Conditions" Applied Sciences 14, no. 6: 2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062667
APA StyleXu, Z., Guan, B., Wei, L., Chen, S., Li, M., & Jiang, X. (2024). Investigation of Hydrogen-Blended Natural Gas Pipelines in Utility Tunnel Leakage and Development of an Accident Ventilation Strategy for the Worst Leakage Conditions. Applied Sciences, 14(6), 2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062667