Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Procedures
2.4. Intervention
DTx: Stretching Application
2.5. Measurements
2.5.1. Toe Touch Test
2.5.2. The Y-Balance Test
2.5.3. The Straight Leg Raise (SLR)
2.5.4. Range of Motion (ROM)
2.5.5. Questionnaire Assessing Satisfaction
2.5.6. Exercise Adherence
2.6. Sample Size Estimation
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DTG (N = 17) | NDG (N = 17) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20.41 ± 1.70 | 20.2941 ± 1.05 | 0.81 |
Height (cm) | 169.41 ± 8.94 | 169.41 ± 7.97 | 1.00 |
Weight (kg) | 66.29 ± 10.21 | 70.18 ± 18.53 | 0.46 |
UAE (score) | 4.29 ± 2.20 | 3.71 ± 1.65 | 0.38 |
Muscle Group | Exercise Description |
---|---|
Calf muscles | In a seated position, identify the painful area of the calf muscle. Use a tennis ball to self-massage the area in circular motions for one minute [37]. |
Stretch the gastrocnemius and soleus by hanging a towel on your foot and pulling it toward your body while in a seated position. Each set will consist of 15 s of exercise, with five sets in total, and a rest time of 5 s between each set [38]. | |
Stand and take a step forward while keeping both hands on the knee of the front foot with the upper body upright. Then, move the front knee forward while keeping the heel of the back foot (stretching leg) on the ground. Each set will consist of 30 s of exercise, with three sets in total, and a rest time of 10 s between each set [16]. | |
Take a step forward while keeping both hands on the knee of the front foot with the upper body upright. Then, bend the knee of the front leg (stretching the soleus of the back leg). After that, move the front knee forward (stretching leg) while keeping the heel of the back foot on the ground. Each set will consist of 30 s of exercise, with three sets in total, and a rest time of 10 s between each set [16]. | |
Hamstring | Stand on the floor with both legs together. Then, bend the trunk forward to touch the hands to each foot. Each set will consist of 15 s of exercise, with five sets in total, and a rest time of 5 s between each set [16]. |
Flex the hip joint of one leg to 90 degrees and fully extend the knee joint by fixing the towel on the foot in a standing position. Hold this motion for 15 s and repeat three times for both legs. Rest for 5 s between each set. For more stability, place the legs on a wall or chair [39]. |
Measures | DTG (n = 17) | NDG (n = 17) | p-Value between Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Mean (SD) | Post-Mean (SD) | Difference Mean (SD) | p-Value | Pre-Mean (SD) | Post-Mean (SD) | Difference Mean (SD) | p-Value | |||
Toe Touch Test | 2.19 ± 9.00 | 7.15 ± 8.88 | 4.96 ± 4.70 | <0.001 | −0.977 ± 12.46 | 3.99 ± 11.16 | 4.97 ± 4.09 | <0.001 | 0.997 | |
Y-Balance | Lt | 89.23 ± 11.71 | 95.41 ± 11.20 | 6.19 ± 4.43 | <0.001 | 93.96 ± 7.69 | 98.53 ± 8.69 | 4.57 ± 3.42 | 0.003 | 0.349 |
Rt | 89.93 ± 13.36 | 96.80 ± 11.04 | 6.87 ± 4.68 | <0.001 | 92.44 ± 8.26 | 99.05 ± 9.58 | 6.61 ± 5.86 | <0.001 | 0.890 | |
SLR | Lt | 60.88 ± 13.02 | 72.47 ± 11.51 | 11.59 ± 5.22 | 0.000 | 66.77 ± 14.89 | 72.65 ± 13.24 | 5.88 ± 10.04 | 0.028 | 0.048 |
Rt | 59.71 ± 16.44 | 69.12 ± 13.14 | 9.41 ± 6.59 | <0.001 | 64.71 ± 12.05 | 70.88 ± 14.28 | 6.18 ± 14.09 | 0.09 | 0.400 | |
ROM | Lt | 14.82 ± 4.57 | 16.12 ± 3.35 | 1.29 ± 3.69 | 0.167 | 14.12 ± 4.05 | 15.47 ± 3.79 | 1.35 ± 4.66 | 0.249 | 0.968 |
Rt | 15.06 ± 4.56 | 16.53 ± 3.94 | 1.47 ± 4.16 | 0.164 | 14.49 ± 2.81 | 17.24 ± 4.67 | 2.65 ± 3.90 | 0.013 | 0.401 |
Mean (M) ± Standard Deviation (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
DTG | NDG | T | p-Value | |
Satisfaction questionnaire | 41.18 ± 4.29 | 36.88 ± 4.76 | 2.77 | 0.009 |
Exercise adherence | 8.00 ± 3.97 | 5.18 ± 3.71 | 2.14 | 0.04 |
Survey Question | Mean (M) ± Standard Deviation (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DTG | NDG | T | p-Value | ||
A1 | The stretching time was appropriate. | 4.24 ± 0.66 | 3.82 ± 0.95 | 1.46 | 0.153 |
A2 | The stretching strength was appropriate. | 4.35 ± 0.61 | 4.06 ± 0.83 | 1.18 | 0.246 |
A3 | The stretching movement was not difficult or confusing. | 4.76 ± 0.44 | 4.41 ± 0.62 | 1.92 | 0.03 |
A4 | As I progressed in the exercise, I was performing the movement properly. | 4.35 ± 0.49 | 3.88 ± 0.99 | 1.75 | 0.045 |
A5 | During the exercise period, I could steadily perform the stretching exercise. | 3.53 ± 1.12 | 2.88 ± 1.32 | 1.54 | 0.67 |
A6 | After the exercise period, I felt like I could steadily exercise in the future. | 4.12 ± 0.99 | 3.59 ± 0.80 | 1.72 | 0.048 |
A7 | Stretching changed my body. | 3.53 ± 0.87 | 3.47 ± 0.80 | 0.21 | 0.42 |
A8 | I was able to concentrate until the end of the stretching time. | 4.06 ± 0.75 | 3.24 ± 1.03 | 2.66 | 0.006 |
A9 | I recommend this exercise program to others. | 4.29 ± 0.59 | 4.00 ± 0.61 | 1.43 | 0.08 |
A0 | Please choose the level of enjoyment you felt during the stretching program as your score. | 3.94 ± 0.83 | 3.53 ± 0.94 | 1.35 | 0.09 |
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Share and Cite
Lee, S.-J.; Kim, J.-W.; Lee, D.-Y.; Hong, J.-H.; Yu, J.-H.; Kim, J.-S.; Kim, S.-G.; Nam, Y.-G. Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4825. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114825
Lee S-J, Kim J-W, Lee D-Y, Hong J-H, Yu J-H, Kim J-S, Kim S-G, Nam Y-G. Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(11):4825. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114825
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Su-Ji, Ji-Won Kim, Dong-Yeop Lee, Ji-Heon Hong, Jae-Ho Yu, Jin-Seop Kim, Seong-Gil Kim, and Yeon-Gyo Nam. 2024. "Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Applied Sciences 14, no. 11: 4825. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114825
APA StyleLee, S.-J., Kim, J.-W., Lee, D.-Y., Hong, J.-H., Yu, J.-H., Kim, J.-S., Kim, S.-G., & Nam, Y.-G. (2024). Effect of Digital Therapeutics on Range of Motion, Flexibility, Dynamic Balance, Satisfaction, and Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4825. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114825