Numerical Investigation of Earth Berm Effects on Prefabricated Recyclable Supporting Structure in Circular Excavations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Description
2.1. PRSS-Supported Excavation
2.2. Geological Conditions
2.3. Construction Processes
3. Numerical Modeling and Validation
3.1. Finite-Element Model and Boundary Conditions
3.2. Soil Constitutive Model, Model Parameters, and Modeling Procedure
3.3. Validation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Berm Geometry on the Lateral Pile Deflection
4.2. The Effect of Berm Geometry on the Bending Moment of Pile
4.3. The Effect of Berm Geometry on the Ground Surface Settlement
4.4. The Raised Effective Formation Level
4.4.1. The Raised Effective Formation Level for Stability Analysis
4.4.2. The Raised Effective Formation Level for Deformation Analysis
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Increasing the dimensions of the earth berms, such as height, top width, and bottom width, reduces lateral deflections of supporting piles significantly. The effect is more pronounced in the middle part of the piles, while it is less significant towards the top and bottom parts. Once the top and bottom widths of earth berms reach critical values of 0.3 h and 0.45 h, respectively, further widening of the earth berms has little impact on the deformations of the supporting piles.
- (2)
- The earth berm’s height has a significant effect on the bending moments of the supporting piles below the lowest waling, while its effect is less pronounced above this point. The top width of the earth berms has a greater influence on the bending moments of the supporting piles than the bottom width. When the top width is less than 0.2 h, the maximum bending moment of the supporting piles decreases with an increase in top width. However, when the top and bottom widths exceed 0.2 h but remain below 0.4 h, the maximum bending moment of the retaining piles slightly increases as the top width increases. As the bottom width increases, its impact on the maximum bending moment of the supporting pile tends to decrease.
- (3)
- The effect of earth berm on the ground surface settlement is similar to its effect on the lateral pile deflection. As the height, top width, and bottom width of the earth berm increase, the ground surface settlements tend to decrease. However, the reduction in ground surface settlement gradually diminishes as these geometric parameters continue to increase. Once the top and bottom widths of the earth berm reach 0.30 h and 0.45 h, respectively, their impact on reducing surface settlement becomes essentially negligible. However, the range of positional variations for the maximum ground surface settlement is not as extensive as that of the maximum lateral pile deflection.
- (4)
- Smethurst’s approach is effective in considering the impact of an earth berm on the stability of the PRSS under axisymmetric conditions. In addition, the stability of the earth berm needs to be considered when its height is high. In circular excavations, it is recommended to analyze the stability of PRSS based on axisymmetric conditions. This is because it leads to excessively conservative results under plane strain conditions.
- (5)
- Under plane strain conditions, the raised effective formation level in deformation analysis increases as the berm height increases and eventually stabilizes at a constant value of 2.5 m. On the other hand, under axisymmetric conditions, the raised effective formation level in the deformation analysis also increases with increasing berm height, but it converges to a constant value of 3.6 m.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Layer | [kPa] | [°] | [MPa] | [MPa] | [MPa] | [kN/m2] | [10−4] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silty clay-1 | 28.5 | 13.3 | 7.76 | 7.76 | 23.28 | 0.2 | 97.27 | 2.59 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-2 | 31.6 | 14.2 | 8.09 | 8.09 | 24.27 | 0.2 | 99.44 | 2.48 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-3 | 30.8 | 13.4 | 8.37 | 8.37 | 25.11 | 0.2 | 94.59 | 2.62 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-4 | 31.5 | 14.6 | 9.01 | 9.01 | 27.03 | 0.2 | 99.73 | 2.87 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-5 | 29.8 | 13.7 | 9.95 | 9.95 | 29.85 | 0.2 | 101.21 | 2.87 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-6 | 31.1 | 13.8 | 9.52 | 9.52 | 28.56 | 0.2 | 97.99 | 3.28 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Silty clay-7 | 33.0 | 14.2 | 9.79 | 9.79 | 29.37 | 0.2 | 97.85 | 3.68 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
Structural Element | Element Type | Size | E [MPa] | I [m4] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pile | Volume | 350 mm × 350 mm | 6.56 × 104 | 0.2 | -- |
Waling | Beams | 350 mm × 350 mm | 2.06 × 105 | 0.2 | 3.98 × 10−4 |
Steel plate | Plates | 8 mm thick | 2.06 × 105 | 0.2 | -- |
Stage | Simulation Process | Calculation Type |
---|---|---|
0 | The initial stresses were generated by the “K0” procedure | K0 procedure |
1 | Installation of retaining piles, crown beams, and laggings | Plastic |
2 | Reset displacement of soil and structures (A wished-in-place wall is adopted and installation effects are ignored) | Plastic |
3 | Excavation to GL-2.5 m, installation of 1st waling | Plastic |
4 | Dewatering to GL-6.5 m | Plastic |
5 | Excavation to GL-5.5 m, installation of 2nd waling | Plastic |
6 | Dewatering to GL-12.5 m | Plastic |
7 | Excavation to GL-8.5 m, installation of 3rd waling | Plastic |
8 | Excavation to GL-11.5 m, installation of 4th waling | Plastic |
9 | Dewatering to GL-21.5 m | Plastic |
10 | Excavation to GL-13.5 m, installation of 5th waling | Plastic |
11 | Excavation to GL-20.0 m | Plastic |
12 | Excavation to GL-20.0 m | Safety |
Group No. | H/h | B1/h | B2/h |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.35 |
2 | 0.25 | 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.75 | 0.35 |
3 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 |
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Chen, L.; Guo, C.; Cao, D. Numerical Investigation of Earth Berm Effects on Prefabricated Recyclable Supporting Structure in Circular Excavations. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4703. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114703
Chen L, Guo C, Cao D. Numerical Investigation of Earth Berm Effects on Prefabricated Recyclable Supporting Structure in Circular Excavations. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(11):4703. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114703
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Lichao, Chengchao Guo, and Dingfeng Cao. 2024. "Numerical Investigation of Earth Berm Effects on Prefabricated Recyclable Supporting Structure in Circular Excavations" Applied Sciences 14, no. 11: 4703. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114703
APA StyleChen, L., Guo, C., & Cao, D. (2024). Numerical Investigation of Earth Berm Effects on Prefabricated Recyclable Supporting Structure in Circular Excavations. Applied Sciences, 14(11), 4703. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114703