1. Introduction
In recent decades, deep-sea exploration and development have received increasing attention. The manned submersible (HOV) is an advanced equipment for scientific research and exploration of the deep-sea resources [
1]. These submersibles usually need to work in high-pressure and highly corrosive environments, so they are generally designed with an anti-corrosive metal shell structure. In order to facilitate the operator’s observation of the external environment, the submersibles will use optical cameras and transparent windows to observe the external environment [
2]. However, the narrow perspective of the observation window makes it difficult for the diver to observe, and it can easily lead to blind spots and service delays [
3]. Therefore, a fully transparent cabin to improve vision and driving experience is a good practice to expand the range of observation as shown in
Figure 1, which is a schematic figure of a submersible with a fully transparent cabin [
4].
In 1970, the US Navy launched a spherical PMMA submersible called NEMO [
5], which means that the concept of using transparent material PMMA to manufacture the entire pressure-resistant shell is completely feasible. After decades of development, fully transparent submersibles have achieved success in the commercial field of sightseeing submersibles, such as the Trion submersible in the United States, C-Quester in the Netherlands, and DW2000 in collaboration with NASA in Canada [
6]. Japan has also launched the “Deep Sea 12000” research program, while China put into operation the “Huandao Jiaolong” sightseeing submersible in 2015, making it the world’s largest fully transparent passenger-carrying sightseeing submersible [
7]. Because of this, the service safety of fully transparent structures is particularly important, whether from a scientific research perspective or with a focus on future commercial value. However, the maturity of the current design is being tested by service experience and the accumulated safety evaluation foundation is insufficient. Stability is a primary concern in the safety evaluation of pressure-resistant structures.
Under the high outside pressure in deep-sea conditions, the pressure-resistant PMMA cabin may fail due to outside pressure exceeding its ultimate strength. The failure modes mainly include yield or fracture caused by insufficient material strength, which is called strength failure, or instability caused by insufficient structural stiffness, which is called buckling failure [
8]. Generally speaking, the failure of thin shell structures usually is not related to the issue of strength failure, but thick shell structures may conform to both theories simultaneously. A pressure-resistant cabin requires relevant calculations based on different thicknesses to determine their failure mode, namely strength failure or buckling instability. Under external pressure, researchers have proposed various critical pressure calculation formulas for thick shell structures. Zoelly originally proposed the formula for determining the buckling critical pressure of perfect spherical shells under external pressure [
9]. This theoretical formula assumes that the structure is flawless, but various spherical shells manufactured in engineering practice cannot be flawless [
10], which makes the buckling critical pressure obtained through experiments much smaller than the theoretical solution [
11]. In 1934, Donnell proposed using nonlinear large deflection theory to analyze the post buckling state of thin-walled cylindrical shells when studying the torsional buckling problem [
12], established a nonlinear cylindrical shell equation, obtained the critical buckling pressure, and obtained the post buckling waveform of the shell through experiments. In 1941, Based on Donnell’s study, Carmen and Qian [
13] studied the buckling problem of spherical shells., considering the initial defects of the spherical shell, and achieved breakthrough results. They obtained a formula for calculating the nonlinear buckling critical pressure of the spherical shell. Many scholars, such as Donnell & Wan [
14], Koiter [
15], Manuel [
16], and others, have formed the primary elements of contemporary stability theory via investigation, such as prestress computation and nonlinear big deflection theory. In 2010, during the building of the “Jiaolong” submersible, Pan and Cui [
17] presented the empirical formula for the critical pressure of titanium alloy manned submersible pressure shells and brought it into classification society standards [
18,
19].
The failure modes of stiffened cylindrical shells, such as shell yielding, local buckling of the shell between annular stiffeners, overall buckling of the shell and stiffeners, and interacting buckling modes of local and global bonding, were examined by [
20,
21]. Other researchers have derived the buckling calculation formula for open shell pressure by analyzing factors such as incision position, aspect ratio, and aspect thickness ratio [
22]. It is important to note that the majority of the study mentioned above focuses on the metal structures’ pressure-resistant shells. with limited evaluation of the durability of PMMA cabin. At present, small sample testing and numerical analysis are the key areas of study for PMMA cabins [
11]. At the same time, there are limited investigation reports on the buckling failure behavior of PMMA spherical pressure cabins [
23].
The rapid development of finite element methods provides techniques for analyzing the buckling failure behavior of PMMA spherical cabins. In the present study, the failure mode and critical pressure of PMMA spherical pressure-resistant cabins based on nonlinear buckling theory were analyzed using finite element analysis. Relevant simulations were conducted to explore the effects of initial geometric defects as well as thickness to radius ratio (t/R) on critical pressure and the effect of the stiffness of the metal hatch cover was investigated. These research results will provide necessary technical references for design of PMMA spherical pressure-resistant cabins.
4. Summary and Conclusions
The ultimate strength of a fully transparent spherical cabin made of PMMA is studied by taking the initial geometrical imperfection and metal cover stiffness into account. The boundary point of t/R between strength failure and buckling failure of PMMA spherical cabin through classical theoretical formulas is determined first as the present study aims at investigation within the range of buckling mode. When t/R of the PMMA spherical hull is less than 0.0424, buckling failure occurs first ahead of strength failure. Based on that, a series of numerical models including the intact spherical cabin, spherical cabin with a single access opening, spherical cabin with double access openings are established and the eigenvalue buckling results were introduced into the initial imperfection shape for nonlinear buckling analysis. The changing tendency of critical buckling pressure was observed with varieties of the initial geometrical imperfections and t/R.
Results show that the critical pressure has a decreasing trend as the initial geometrical imperfection increases, and that the intact spherical cabin shows the greatest decrease, indicating a higher sensitivity to initial imperfection. The critical buckling pressure linearly increases with the increase of t/R for PMMA spherical cabin with access openings. The reduction extent of the spherical cabin with a single access opening is smaller than that with double access openings, indicating the strength sensitivity of PMMA spherical cabins to initial imperfections and openings. Moreover, for PMMA pressure-resistant cabin, the thickness of the metal hatch cover also significantly affects its critical pressure. Within a certain range, the strength of the spherical cabin will increase with the increase of hatch cover thickness. However, a metal cover that is too thick will reduce its structural strength due to the constraints at the contact between the cover hatch cover and the PMMA shell. It is absolutely necessary to determine a reasonable range of hatch cover thicknesses in the future. Coordinated design is compulsory and subsequent improvements can be made by aiming at improving the simulation accuracy and locally refined structure design to reduce the stress concentration effect which will be fully considered for safety evaluation.