LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We propose a new WRONoC fault model addressing the different fault rates of MRRs, thereby removing the impractical assumption in the state-of-the-art fault model that only one malfunctioning MRR will exist regardless of the size of the networks.
- We propose the first fault-tolerant WRONoC topology, LightR, as an extension of the Light topology [16]. Compared to Light, which reserves only one signal path for each master–slave pair, LightR enhances reliability by providing two independent signal paths to each master–slave pair that requires communication.
- We greatly reduce the MRR usage compared to the state-of-the-art fault-tolerant WRONoC design method.
2. Background
2.1. Parallel Switching Elements
2.2. Performance Factors
2.3. MRR Faults and Signal Faults
2.4. State-of-the-Art WRONoC Topologies
3. LightR: An Scalable and Fault-Tolerant WRONoC Topology
3.1. Logic Scheme of HashR
3.2. Waveguide Connections
- (1)
- Place HashRs horizontally in the k-th row with . Connect the left ports of each HashR with its left neighbor.
- (2)
- Connect the bottom ports of the HashR to its bottom neighbor except for the one at the rightmost end of each row. Connect the bottom ports of the HashR at the rightmost end of each row to its bottom left neighbor.
- (3)
- Connect the upper ports of the HashRs in the first row to the ports , , , , , , …, and , sequentially. If the number of nodes is even, then connect the right ports of the HashR at the rightmost end in the first row to and .
- (4)
- Connect the left ports of the HashRs in the first column to the ports , , , , …, , , , , sequentially. Connect the bottom input and output of the HashR in the last row to and .
3.3. Wavelength Configuration
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Comparison with the State-of-the-Art WRONoC Topologies
4.1.1. Discussion: Reliability
4.1.2. Discussion: MRR Usage, Insertion Loss, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
4.2. Comparison to RobustONoC
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ONoC | Optical networks-on-chip |
WDM | Wavelength-division-multiplexing |
WRONoC | Wavelength-routed optical networks-on-chip |
OSE | Optical switching element |
MRR | Microring resonator |
CSE | Crossing switching element |
PSE | Parallel switching element |
SNR | Signal-to-noise ratio |
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The Number of Nodes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 6 | N = 8 | N = 12 | N = 16 | N = 24 | N = 32 | N = 48 | N = 64 | |
Light | 12 | 24 | 60 | 112 | 240 | 480 | 1104 | 1984 |
-router | 30 | 56 | 132 | 240 | 552 | 992 | 2256 | 4032 |
GWOR | 24 | 48 | 120 | 224 | 480 | 960 | 2208 | 3968 |
LightR | 24 | 48 | 120 | 224 | 480 | 960 | 2208 | 3968 |
Insertion Loss Parameters | Crosstalk Noise Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Drop loss | Through loss | Crossing loss | Crosstalk per MRR | Crosstalk per crossing |
db | db | db | 25 db | 40 db |
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Zheng, Z.; Li, M.; Tseng, T.-M.; Schlichtmann, U. LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8871. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158871
Zheng Z, Li M, Tseng T-M, Schlichtmann U. LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(15):8871. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158871
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Zhidan, Mengchu Li, Tsun-Ming Tseng, and Ulf Schlichtmann. 2023. "LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology" Applied Sciences 13, no. 15: 8871. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158871
APA StyleZheng, Z., Li, M., Tseng, T.-M., & Schlichtmann, U. (2023). LightR: A Fault-Tolerant Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks-on-Chip Topology. Applied Sciences, 13(15), 8871. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158871