8D BIM Model in Urban Rehabilitation Projects: Enhanced Occupational Safety for Temporary Construction Works
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. 8D BIM Concept and Application
2.1. Parametric Modeling
2.2. Interoperability
2.3. BIM Dimensions
- The 3D BIM model represents the set of 3D parametric objects used in all project disciplines (architecture, structures, and systems);
- The 4D BIM model is concerned with the simulation of the building’s construction work, planned according to the established critical path network [28];
- The 5D BIM model supports the prediction of the construction costs based on the quantity take-off of the applied materials [29];
- The 6D BIM model concerns the energy and sustainability studies and simulation in the project phase and in the occupation stage;
- The 7D BIM model deals with the management and maintenance of the building throughout its period of use;
- The 8D BIM model encompasses aspects related to human safety in construction, supporting preventive care actions such as risk detection in construction.
2.4. Occupation Safety and Health in Construction Projects
3. Empirical Case Study: Full Building Renovation with Preservation of Façade
4. Modeling of Physical Elements (3D BIM)
4.1. Modeling of the Façade to Be Preserved and the New Elements to Be Built
4.2. Modeling the Context of the Construction Site
4.3. Model of the Temporary Steel Structural System
4.3.1. Modeling the Components
4.3.2. Assembling the Temporary Support System
4.4. Modeling of the Tower Crane
5. Modeling of the Construction Works (4D BIM)
5.1. Construction Site Constraints and Preparatory Activities
- Removal of the roof—The roof tiles contained asbestos, which is a very hazardous material to the health of workers in the building, meaning that this activity took precedence above the others;
- Implementation of the tower crane—This process was accomplished with the assistance of an additional mobile crane and demanded temporary shafts to be created inside the building (Figure 14);
- Temporary support of façade and scaffolding—Due to a lack of space in the public street, the support system for the façade walls was implemented inside the building and in the backyard (Figure 11 and Figure 12) with the aid of the tower crane (Figure 13). The modeling allowed for early identification of clashes with temporary scaffolding and enabled the early preparation of alternatives to be considered (Figure 15);
- Demolition—In the interior part of the building, some of the walls were first demolished. Due to the age of the building, and the traditional materials applied, intensive manual labor was involved in the demolition work. Once the support system was fully positioned over the façade walls, the demolition process started from top to bottom. However, the positioning of the façade system required the demolition of the interior walls of floors −1, 1, and 3;
- Construction works—Once the interior of the building was fully demolished, with only the façade walls remaining, the construction works begun, progressing from bottom to top and starting at the −2 floor;
- Removal of the support system—The removal was executed in a phased way, occurring in tandem with the construction works.
5.2. Hazards and Occupational Safety
- Fall from height;
- Exposure to chemical and biological hazards;
- Crushing and other hazards exposure in the assembly and/or removal of structural elements (e.g., façade support system).
- Implementation of guardrails where falls can eventually occur with a high possibility;
- Protection of floor openings (Figure 14);
- Correct use of ladders, as these must be properly fixed and be in good conditions.
- The permanent protection devices must always be used when a worker is at the construction site (e.g., helmet, steel toe boots, vests, and gloves);
- The temporary protection equipment is used when manipulating specific materials or machinery (e.g., goggles, earplugs, and masks).
6. Modeling of Occupational Safety Coordination in Construction (8D BIM)
6.1. Clash Detection
- Belonging to the architecture model;
- Belonging to the temporary support system of the façade walls;
- Belonging to other temporary elements in the construction site.
- The inconsistencies that can be resolved and approved by the Navisworks user (such as expected conflicts as the placement of the steel beam that secures the support system to the façade walls, or small geometric imprecisions that occurred during the modeling);
- The collisions that require being remodeled in Revit, and after a new test must be applied.
6.2. Safety Prevention
- The first performed simulation concerns the accesses to the construction site. There are two possible entrances, a front entrance and a small adjacent one on the side of the building. The front entrance is located on a narrow street with a very small sidewalk, and to prevent the fall of an object, an upper barrier integrated with the scaffolding was proposed (Figure 17);
- Additionally, there is a possibility of accidents occurring due to the fall of objects onto the sidewalk. For this purpose, scaffolding with safety guards was placed above the sidewalks (Figure 18);
- The side entrance also demonstrates the lack of space and requires a barrier in order to limit access to the site. For this purpose, a door was placed (Figure 19).
- In relation to the interior of the construction, the structure of the containment system occupies a large amount of space inside each floor, significantly conditioning the work resulting in the area. An avatar moving inside the place illustrates the worker’s difficulties in operating inside the building (Figure 23).
6.3. Planning and Sequencing Activities
6.4. Construction Simulation
7. Conclusions
- Operating Revit software, a precise and detailed 3D model of the project was built, and this was accomplished by using existing objects in the Revit library and through the family creation system;
- A clash detection text was performed; some existing conflicts were resolved by using the Navisworks software and the others that needed to be remodeled were in Revit;
- The scheduling plan of the construction project was performed swiftly and efficiently with the support of MS Project. Once the conflicts were resolved, several simulations of the construction site and its activities were conducted;
- Through the visual simulation performed in the system by the insertion of an avatar walking inside, several situations of eventual hazards were identified. Adequate solutions were then proposed, namely in the entrances to the construction site or a worker moving inside the still frame. There were several identified constraints and hazards associated with them, and safety measures were proposed accordingly.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Sampaio, A.Z.; Constantino, G.B.; Almeida, N.M. 8D BIM Model in Urban Rehabilitation Projects: Enhanced Occupational Safety for Temporary Construction Works. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 10577. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010577
Sampaio AZ, Constantino GB, Almeida NM. 8D BIM Model in Urban Rehabilitation Projects: Enhanced Occupational Safety for Temporary Construction Works. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(20):10577. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010577
Chicago/Turabian StyleSampaio, Alcínia Zita, Gonçalo B. Constantino, and Nuno M. Almeida. 2022. "8D BIM Model in Urban Rehabilitation Projects: Enhanced Occupational Safety for Temporary Construction Works" Applied Sciences 12, no. 20: 10577. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010577
APA StyleSampaio, A. Z., Constantino, G. B., & Almeida, N. M. (2022). 8D BIM Model in Urban Rehabilitation Projects: Enhanced Occupational Safety for Temporary Construction Works. Applied Sciences, 12(20), 10577. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010577