Organization of Students and Total Task Time: External and Internal Load Recorded during Motor Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objective and Hypotheses
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design
3.2. Participants, Sample, and Setting
3.3. Variables
3.4. Instruments
3.5. Procedure
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Type of Participation
4.2. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Total Task Time
4.3. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Game Situation
4.4. Reference Values for the PL/min-eTL and HRavg-iTL Variables according to the Interaction of the Independent Variables
5. Discussion
5.1. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Type of Participation
5.2. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Total Task Time
5.3. eTL and iTL Variables According to the Game Situation
5.4. Reference Values for the PL/min-eTL and HRavg-iTL Variables According to the Interaction of the Independent Variables (Practical Applications)
5.5. Limitations and Future Perspectives
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HR Zones | % HR Ranges | Bpm Ranges | Physical Activity Intensity 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Zone 1 | 50–60% | 101–121 bpm | MVPA = 101–141 bpm (50–70% HR) |
Zone 2 | 60–70% | 121–141 bpm | |
Zone 3 | 70–80% | 141–161 bpm | VPA = 141–171 bpm (70–85% HR) |
Zone 4 | 80–90% | 161–181 bpm | |
Zone 5 | 90–95% | 181–191 bpm | - |
Zone 6 | >95% | >191 bpm |
Load | Variable | Participation Type | M | SD | U | p | r |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kinematic eTL | Acc | Consecutive | 99.08 | 38.32 | 105,908.000 | 0.00 * | 0.49 |
Simultaneous | 148.21 | 47.33 | |||||
Acc/min | Consecutive | 13.23 | 5.04 | 68,281.000 | 0.00 * | 0.61 | |
Simultaneous | 21.86 | 5.52 | |||||
Accmax | Consecutive | 2.59 | 0.62 | 249,493.000 | 0.27 | 0.03 | |
Simultaneous | 2.62 | 0.60 | |||||
Accavg | Consecutive | 0.61 | 0.14 | 222,757.000 | 0.00 * | 0.11 | |
Simultaneous | 0.58 | 0.12 | |||||
Dec | Consecutive | 98.50 | 38.46 | 105,442.000 | 0.00 * | 0.49 | |
Simultaneous | 147.97 | 47.34 | |||||
Dec/min | Consecutive | 13.15 | 5.07 | 68,118.000 | 0.00 * | 0.61 | |
Simultaneous | 21.82 | 5.52 | |||||
Decmax | Consecutive | −2.63 | 0.65 | 256,895.000 | 0.86 | 0.00 | |
Simultaneous | −2.64 | 0.68 | |||||
Decavg | Consecutive | −0.48 | 0.12 | 252,578.000 | 0.47 | 0.02 | |
Simultaneous | −0.49 | 0.12 | |||||
neuromus-cular eTL | PL | Consecutive | 4.72 | 1.66 | 198,368.000 | 0.00 * | 0.19 |
Simultaneous | 5.79 | 2.47 | |||||
PL/min | Consecutive | 0.63 | 0.21 | 144,467.000 | 0.00 * | 0.37 | |
Simultaneous | 0.85 | 0.30 | |||||
iTL | HRmax | Consecutive | 169.96 | 21.54 | 166,851.000 | 0.00 * | 0.24 |
Simultaneous | 179.06 | 25.26 | |||||
HRavg | Consecutive | 144.54 | 19.50 | 151,934.500 | 0.00 * | 0.30 | |
Simultaneous | 156.59 | 24.24 | |||||
50–60% HR | Consecutive | 2.75 | 8.82 | 223,568.000 | 0.01 * | 0.07 | |
Simultaneous | 2.06 | 8.48 | |||||
60–70% HR | Consecutive | 15.64 | 20.55 | 181,574.500 | 0.00 * | 0.20 | |
Simultaneous | 8.96 | 17.33 | |||||
70–80% HR | Consecutive | 29.34 | 21.26 | 158,344.000 | 0.00 * | 0.27 | |
Simultaneous | 18.18 | 20.12 | |||||
80–90% HR | Consecutive | 28.08 | 20.46 | 198,504.500 | 0.00 * | 0.13 | |
Simultaneous | 22.82 | 19.34 | |||||
90–95% HR | Consecutive | 9.53 | 10.77 | 203,333.500 | 0.00 * | 0.12 | |
Simultaneous | 12.37 | 12.89 | |||||
>95% HR | Consecutive | 12.25 | 20.03 | 154,305.500 | 0.00 * | 0.29 | |
Simultaneous | 33.26 | 33.23 |
Load | Variable | Total Task Time | M | SD | X2 | p | E2R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kinematic eTL | Acc | <6 min | 112.09 | 32.99 | 80.261 | 0.00 * | 0.05 |
6–10 min | 135.24 | 50.73 | |||||
>10 min | 174.10 | 72.24 | |||||
Acc/min | <6 min | 21.76 | 6.32 | 144.972 | 0.00 * | 0.10 | |
6–10 min | 17.58 | 6.51 | |||||
>10 min | 15.99 | 6.61 | |||||
Accmax | <6 min | 2.67 | 0.62 | 19.597 | 0.00 * | 0.01 | |
6–10 min | 2.57 | 0.60 | |||||
>10 min | 2.76 | 0.60 | |||||
Accavg | <6 min | 0.57 | 0.12 | 14.023 | 0.00 * | 0.01 | |
6–10 min | 0.60 | 0.13 | |||||
>10 min | 0.58 | 0.12 | |||||
Dec | <6 min | 111.87 | 33.07 | 78.707 | 0.00 * | 0.05 | |
6–10 min | 134.84 | 50.90 | |||||
>10 min | 173.49 | 72.56 | |||||
Dec/min | <6 min | 21.71 | 6.34 | 144.505 | 0.00 * | 0.10 | |
6–10 min | 17.53 | 6.53 | |||||
>10 min | 15.93 | 6.63 | |||||
Decmax | <6 min | −2.71 | 0.71 | 10.014 | 0.01 * | 0.01 | |
6–10 min | −2.60 | 0.64 | |||||
>10 min | −2.70 | 0.74 | |||||
Decavg | <6 min | −0.49 | 0.12 | 2.679 | 0.26 | 0.00 | |
6–10 min | −0.49 | 0.12 | |||||
>10 min | −0.46 | 0.11 | |||||
neuromuscular eTL | PL | <6 min | 4.23 | 1.53 | 204.601 | 0.00 * | 0.14 |
6–10 min | 5.81 | 2.27 | |||||
>10 min | 7.18 | 2.73 | |||||
PL/min | <6 min | 0.82 | 0.30 | 30.956 | 0.00 * | 0.02 | |
6–10 min | 0.75 | 0.28 | |||||
>10 min | 0.66 | 0.26 | |||||
iTL | HRmax | <6 min | 182.86 | 24.45 | 97.855 | 0.00 * | 0.07 |
6–10 min | 171.98 | 23.96 | |||||
>10 min | 179.69 | 19.69 | |||||
HRavg | <6 min | 161.68 | 23.65 | 133.156 | 0.00 * | 0.09 | |
6–10 min | 147.97 | 22.27 | |||||
>10 min | 149.48 | 19.32 | |||||
50–60% HR | <6 min | 0.95 | 5.26 | 38.550 | 0.00 * | 0.03 | |
6–10 min | 2.86 | 9.74 | |||||
>10 min | 3.37 | 8.98 | |||||
60–70% HR | <6 min | 7.09 | 16.77 | 84.581 | 0.00 * | 0.06 | |
6–10 min | 13.22 | 19.60 | |||||
>10 min | 13.44 | 16.96 | |||||
70–80% HR | <6 min | 15.36 | 19.27 | 91.070 | 0.00 * | 0.06 | |
6–10 min | 25.08 | 21.70 | |||||
>10 min | 26.35 | 17.38 | |||||
80–90% HR | <6 min | 21.09 | 18.35 | 22.247 | 0.00 * | 0.02 | |
6–10 min | 26.40 | 20.70 | |||||
>10 min | 25.32 | 16.65 | |||||
90–95% HR | <6 min | 12.51 | 11.83 | 12.439 | 0.00 * | 0.01 | |
6–10 min | 10.86 | 12.75 | |||||
>10 min | 10.64 | 8.15 | |||||
>95% HR | <6 min | 41.27 | 34.14 | 130.369 | 0.00 * | 0.09 | |
6–10 min | 18.78 | 26.87 | |||||
>10 min | 19.67 | 23.57 |
Load | Variable | Game Situation | M | SD | X2 | p | E2R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kinematic eTL | Acc | No opposition | 125.54 | 54.72 | 174.628 | 0.00 * | 0.12 |
Individual game | 117.22 | 54.96 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 156.79 | 47.04 | |||||
Equality SSG | 119.11 | 28.59 | |||||
Full game | 177.35 | 38.51 | |||||
Acc/min | No opposition | 16.71 | 7.27 | 311.586 | 0.00 * | 0.21 | |
Individual game | 14.72 | 5.97 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 20.42 | 5.42 | |||||
Equality SSG | 22.71 | 5.28 | |||||
Full game | 20.79 | 3.66 | |||||
Accmax | No opposition | 2.43 | 0.54 | 93.898 | 0.00 * | 0.06 | |
Individual game | 2.78 | 0.63 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 2.56 | 0.63 | |||||
Equality SSG | 2.67 | 0.60 | |||||
Full game | 2.86 | 0.46 | |||||
Accavg | No opposition | 0.62 | 0.14 | 44.245 | 0.00 * | 0.03 | |
Individual game | 0.60 | 0.13 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 0.57 | 0.12 | |||||
Equality SSG | 0.56 | 0.12 | |||||
Full game | 0.63 | 0.12 | |||||
Dec | No opposition | 125.10 | 54.93 | 174.820 | 0.00 * | 0.12 | |
Individual game | 116.68 | 55.13 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 156.55 | 47.11 | |||||
Equality SSG | 118.92 | 28.61 | |||||
Full game | 176.87 | 38.22 | |||||
Dec/m | No opposition | 16.65 | 7.30 | 311.456 | 0.00 * | 0.21 | |
Individual game | 14.65 | 6.00 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 20.39 | 5.44 | |||||
Equality SSG | 22.67 | 5.29 | |||||
Full game | 20.74 | 3.63 | |||||
Decmax | No opposition | −2.59 | 0.57 | 47.737 | 0.00 * | 0.03 | |
Individual game | −2.68 | 0.70 | |||||
Inequality SSG | −2.49 | 0.70 | |||||
Equality SSG | −2.73 | 0.70 | |||||
Full game | −3.01 | 0.51 | |||||
Decavg | No opposition | −0.50 | 0.12 | 26.582 | 0.00 * | 0.02 | |
Individual game | −0.48 | 0.12 | |||||
Inequality SSG | −0.47 | 0.12 | |||||
Equality SSG | −0.48 | 0.12 | |||||
Full game | −0.56 | 0.12 | |||||
neuromuscular eTL | PL | No opposition | 5.85 | 2.21 | 171.643 | 0.00 * | 0.11 |
Individual game | 5.21 | 2.29 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 5.85 | 2.38 | |||||
Equality SSG | 4.34 | 1.40 | |||||
Full game | 8.22 | 2.87 | |||||
PL/min | No opposition | 0.78 | 0.29 | 89.673 | 0.00 * | 0.06 | |
Individual game | 0.65 | 0.24 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 0.77 | 0.31 | |||||
Equality SSG | 0.83 | 0.27 | |||||
Full game | 0.96 | 0.30 | |||||
iTL | HRmax | No opposition | 167.13 | 25.56 | 168.563 | 0.00 * | 0.12 |
Individual game | 174.55 | 17.71 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 176.02 | 23.01 | |||||
Equality SSG | 184.25 | 25.22 | |||||
Full game | 189.40 | 24.71 | |||||
HRavg | No opposition | 145.17 | 23.21 | 179.838 | 0.00 * | 0.13 | |
Individual game | 147.49 | 17.38 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 151.82 | 22.70 | |||||
Equality SSG | 162.96 | 23.96 | |||||
Full game | 162.29 | 24.79 | |||||
50–60% HR | No opposition | 1.65 | 6.40 | 55.918 | 0.00 * | 0.04 | |
Individual game | 2.98 | 8.95 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 4.12 | 12.86 | |||||
Equality SSG | 0.78 | 5.00 | |||||
Full game | 3.74 | 8.87 | |||||
60–70% HR | No opposition | 12.88 | 20.31 | 110.466 | 0.00 * | 0.08 | |
Individual game | 14.14 | 18.81 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 13.50 | 19.68 | |||||
Equality SSG | 5.90 | 16.01 | |||||
Full game | 9.39 | 10.84 | |||||
70–80% HR | No opposition | 27.08 | 24.09 | 133.190 | 0.00 * | 0.09 | |
Individual game | 27.54 | 19.90 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 22.42 | 19.66 | |||||
Equality SSG | 13.39 | 17.77 | |||||
Full game | 13.74 | 11.05 | |||||
80–90% HR | No opposition | 27.95 | 23.18 | 39.114 | 0.00 * | 0.03 | |
Individual game | 28.39 | 19.18 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 22.22 | 17.21 | |||||
Equality SSG | 21.05 | 18.08 | |||||
Full game | 18.08 | 15.01 | |||||
90–95% HR | No opposition | 10.77 | 13.93 | 20.782 | 0.00 * | 0.01 | |
Individual game | 11.16 | 11.32 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 10.68 | 11.06 | |||||
Equality SSG | 12.99 | 11.96 | |||||
Full game | 9.35 | 11.15 | |||||
>95% HR | No opposition | 15.02 | 25.23 | 198.541 | 0.00 * | 0.14 | |
Individual game | 14.84 | 20.89 | |||||
Inequality SSG | 25.91 | 30.83 | |||||
Equality SSG | 43.83 | 33.60 | |||||
Full game | 43.31 | 32.50 |
Participation Type | Total Time | Game Situation | eTL (PL/min) | iTL (HRavg) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | V | M | SD | 1 PAI | Z | |||
Consecutive | <6 min | No opposition | 0.77 | - | L | 146.00 | - | VPA | 3 |
Individual game | 0.57 | 0.22 | L | 148.10 | 16.63 | VPA | 3 | ||
Inequality SSG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Equality SSG | 0.64 | 0.22 | L | 145.10 | 24.79 | VPA | 3 | ||
Full game | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
6–10 min | No opposition | 0.69 | 0.20 | L | 143.77 | 20.55 | VPA | 3 | |
Individual game | 0.61 | 0.19 | L | 145.09 | 18.12 | VPA | 3 | ||
Inequality SSG | 0.51 | 0.17 | L | 144.57 | 15.40 | VPA | 3 | ||
Equality SSG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Full game | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
>10 min | No opposition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Individual game | 0.44 | 0.19 | L | 143.27 | 19.75 | VPA | 3 | ||
Inequality SSG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Equality SSG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Full game | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Simultaneous | <6 min | No opposition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Individual game | 1.05 | - | M | 169.00 | - | VPA | 4 | ||
Inequality SSG | 1.10 | 0.33 | M | 169.46 | 17.95 | VPA | 4 | ||
Equality SSG | 0.84 | 0.28 | M | 163.88 | 23.95 | VPA | 4 | ||
Full game | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
6–10 min | No opposition | 0.99 | 0.33 | M | 148.08 | 27.86 | VPA | 3 | |
Individual game | 0.76 | 0.25 | L | 150.44 | 15.79 | VPA | 3 | ||
Inequality SSG | 0.75 | 0.28 | L | 149.53 | 23.13 | VPA | 3 | ||
Equality SSG | 0.85 | 0.16 | M | 166.06 | 12.49 | VPA | 4 | ||
Full game | 0.94 | 0.32 | M | 162.29 | 24.79 | VPA | 4 | ||
>10 min | No opposition | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Individual game | 0.85 | 0.18 | M | 151.10 | 15.99 | VPA | 3 | ||
Inequality SSG | 0.69 | 0.25 | L | 154.17 | 21.01 | VPA | 3 | ||
Equality SSG | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Full game | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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García-Ceberino, J.M.; Feu, S.; Antúnez, A.; Ibáñez, S.J. Organization of Students and Total Task Time: External and Internal Load Recorded during Motor Activity. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 10940. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210940
García-Ceberino JM, Feu S, Antúnez A, Ibáñez SJ. Organization of Students and Total Task Time: External and Internal Load Recorded during Motor Activity. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(22):10940. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210940
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Ceberino, Juan M., Sebastián Feu, Antonio Antúnez, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. 2021. "Organization of Students and Total Task Time: External and Internal Load Recorded during Motor Activity" Applied Sciences 11, no. 22: 10940. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210940
APA StyleGarcía-Ceberino, J. M., Feu, S., Antúnez, A., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2021). Organization of Students and Total Task Time: External and Internal Load Recorded during Motor Activity. Applied Sciences, 11(22), 10940. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210940