Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils and Bulbs of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Experimental Design and Sample Treatment
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Health Risk
2.4.2. Soil Contamination
2.4.3. Ecological Risk
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contamination Factor (CF) | Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) | ||
---|---|---|---|
CF < 1 | Low contamination | 0 < Igeo | Uncontaminated |
1 < CF < 3 | Moderate contamination | 0 ≤ Igeo < 1 | Low to moderately contaminated |
1 ≤ Igeo < 2 | Moderately contaminated | ||
3 < CF < 6 | Considerable contamination | 2 ≤ Igeo < 3 | Moderately to heavily contaminated |
3 ≤ Igeo < 4 | Heavily contaminated | ||
4 ≤ Igeo < 5 | Heavily to extremely contaminated | ||
CF > 6 | Very high contamination | Igeo ≥ 5 | Extremely contaminated |
Ecological Risk Factor (ERF) | Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ERi < 40 | Low ecological risk | RI < 65 | Low risk |
40 < ERi < 80 | Moderate ecological risk | 65 < RI < 130 | Moderate risk |
80 < ERi < 160 | Considerable ecological risk | 130 < RI < 260 | Considerable risk |
160 < ERi < 320 | High considerable ecological risk | 130 < RI < 260 | Considerable risk |
ERi > 320 | Significant high ecological risk | RI > 260 | Very high risk |
Elements | Valdichiana Elephant Garlic (AdV) | Elephant Garlic from Uncontaminated Soils | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean ± std. dev. | ||
As | <0.001 | <0.001 | -- | 0.07 |
Cd | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.07 ± 0.09 | 0.02 |
Co | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | --- |
Cr | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.17 ± 0.13 | 2.2 |
Cu | 2.41 | 6.62 | 4.34 ±1.18 | 1.1–10 |
Ni | 0.72 | 8.76 | 3.65 ± 2.30 | 0.2 |
Pb | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 0.1 |
Sb | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | -- |
Tl | <0.001 | <0.001 | -- | -- |
U | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | -- |
V | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | -- |
Zn | 12.94 | 44.20 | 23.92 ± 8.18 | 6.5–40 |
Elements | DIPTE | Rfd | HRI |
---|---|---|---|
As | 6 × 10−8 | 3 × 10−4 | 2 × 10−4 |
Cd | 4 × 10−6 | 5 × 10−3 | 8 × 10−4 |
Co | 2 × 10−6 | 5 × 10−3 | 5 × 10−4 |
Cr | 1 × 10−5 | 2 × 10−0 | 1 × 10−5 |
Cu | 3 × 10−4 | 4 × 10−2 | 7 × 10−3 |
Ni | 2 × 10−4 | 2 × 10−2 | 1 × 10−2 |
Pb | 2 × 10−5 | 4 × 10−3 | 4 × 10−3 |
Sb | 6 × 10−7 | 4 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−4 |
Tl | 6 × 10−6 | 3 × 10−4 | 2 × 10−4 |
U | 4 × 10−6 | 3 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−3 |
V | 4 × 10−6 | 9 × 10−3 | 5 × 10−4 |
Zn | 1 × 10−3 | 3 × 10−1 | 5 × 10−3 |
Elements | Valdichiana Soils | Soil Background Southern Tuscany | Soil Background Italy | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean ± std. dev. | |||
As | 5.4 | 24.2 | 10.9 ± 6.8 | 18.0 | 41 |
Cd | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.87 | 0.44 |
Co | 9.0 | 25.7 | 15.8 ± 5.5 | 17.3 | 14 |
Cr | 46.3 | 124.8 | 87.6 ± 29.8 | 132.5 | 95 |
Cu | 29.8 | 90.1 | 50.2 ± 18.8 | 36.3 | 24 |
Ni | 39.0 | 92.5 | 66.8 ± 17.1 | 74.6 | 50 |
Pb | 20.8 | 51.4 | 29.2 ± 9.7 | 32.0 | 26 |
Sb | 0.49 | 1.07 | 0.66 ± 0.21 | 2.1 | 0.77 |
Tl | 0.26 | 0.63 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.83 |
U | 1.3 | 2.04 | 1.68 ± 0.26 | 2.4 | 3.17 |
V | 62.6 | 110.7 | 81.7 ± 16.2 | 96.5 | 76 |
Zn | 55.0 | 120.5 | 78.5 ± 18.9 | 116.7 | 68 |
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Vannini, A.; Grattacaso, M.; Canali, G.; Nannoni, F.; Di Lella, L.A.; Protano, G.; Biagiotti, S.; Loppi, S. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils and Bulbs of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157023
Vannini A, Grattacaso M, Canali G, Nannoni F, Di Lella LA, Protano G, Biagiotti S, Loppi S. Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils and Bulbs of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(15):7023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157023
Chicago/Turabian StyleVannini, Andrea, Martina Grattacaso, Giulia Canali, Francesco Nannoni, Luigi Antonello Di Lella, Giuseppe Protano, Stefano Biagiotti, and Stefano Loppi. 2021. "Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Soils and Bulbs of Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) Grown in Valdichiana, a Traditional Cultivation Area of Tuscany, Italy" Applied Sciences 11, no. 15: 7023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11157023