Telework and Work Intensity: Insights from an Exploratory Study in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Telework and Flexibility at Work
1.2. Telework and Work Intensity
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Documentary Analysis on Telework in Portugal
2.2. An exploratory Study in Portugal
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions and Further Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Barker, Kathleen, and Kathleen Christensen. 1998. Contingent Work: American Employment Relations in Transition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Bathini, Dharma Raju, and George Mathew Kandathil. 2019. An Orchestrated Negotiated Exchange: Trading Home-Based Telework for Intensified Work. Journal of Business Ethics 154: 411–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beckel, Julia L. O., and Gwenith G. Fisher. 2022. Telework and Worker Health and Well-Being: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19: 3879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berniell, Inés, and Jan Bientenbeck. 2017. The Effect of Working Hours on Health. IZA Discussion Paper Series 10524; Bonn: Institute of Labour Economics, pp. 1–30. Available online: https://docs.iza.org/dp10524.pdf (accessed on 4 October 2021).
- Bose, Amitrajit. 2019. Cross Validation—Why & How. Available online: https://towardsdatascience.com/cross-validation-430d9a5fee22 (accessed on 26th September 2021).
- Bosua, Rachelle, Marianne Gloet, Sherah Kurnia, Antonette Mendoza, and Jongsay Yong. 2013. Telework, productivity and wellbeing: An Australian perspective. Telecommunication Journal of Australia 63: 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casper, Wendy. J., Hoda Vaziri, Julie Holliday Wayne, Sara DeHauw, and Jeffrey Greenhaus. 2018. The jingle-jangle of work–nonwork balance: A comprehensive and meta-analytic review of its meaning and measurement. Journal of Applied Psychology 103: 182–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castells, Manuel. 2002. La Galaxie Internet. Paris: Fayard. [Google Scholar]
- Charalampous, Maria, Christine Anne Grant, and Carlo Tramontano. 2021. “It needs to be the right blend”: A qualitative exploration of remote e-workers’ experience and well-being at work. Employee Relations 44: 335–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charalampous, Maria, Christine Anne Grant, Carlo Tramontano, and Evie Michailidis. 2018. Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work: A multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 28: 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Commission of the European Communities. 2008. Report on the implementation of the European social partners’ Framework Agreement on Telework. COM (2008) 412 Final, Commission Staff Working Paper. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. [Google Scholar]
- Crompton, Rosemary, Duncan Gallie, and Kate Purcell. 1996. Changing Forms of Employment—Organisations, Skills and Gender. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Eddleston, Kimberly A., and Jay Mulki. 2017. Toward understanding remote workers’ management of work–family boundaries: The complexity of workplace embeddedness. Group and Organization Management 42: 346–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ellison, Nicole. 1999. Social Impacts: New Perspectives on Telework. Social Science Computer Review 17: 338–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eurofound. 1995. Les Implications Sociales du télétravail. Dublin: FEMCVT. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 1997a. New Forms of Work Organisation. Can Europe Realise its Potential?—Results of a Survey of Direct Employee Participation in Europe. Dublin: EPOC. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 1997b. The Legal and Contractual Situation of Teleworkers in the European Union: The Law Aspects Including Self-Employed: Consolidated Report. WP/97/28/EN. Dublin: Eurofound, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2009. Working Conditions in the European Union: Working Time and Work Intensity. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2015. Working and Caring: Reconciliation Measures in Times of Demographic Change. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2017. Working Time Developments in the 21st Century: Work Duration and Its Regulation in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2018. Striking a Balance: Reconciling Work and Life in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2020a. Living, Working and COVID-19. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound. 2020b. Telework and ICT-Based Mobile Work: Flexible Working in the Digital Age. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. [Google Scholar]
- Eurofound and The International Labour Office. 2017. Working Anytime, Anywhere: The Effects on the World of Work. Geneva: Publications Office of the European Union and the International Labour Office. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. 1998. Status Report on European Telework-TELEWORK 98. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. 2015. COM(2015) 610. Communication, Commission Work Programme 2016 No Time for Business as Usual—Main Contents. Brussels: European Commission. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. 2020. Europe’s Digital Progress Report (EDPR), 2017 Country Profile Portugal. Brussels: European Commission. [Google Scholar]
- Fagan, Colette, Clare Lyonette, Mark Smith, and Abril Saldaña-Tejeda. 2012. The Influence of Working Time Arrangements on Work–Life Integration or ‘Balance’: A Review of the International Evidence. Conditions of Work and Employment Series, No. 32; Geneva: ILO. [Google Scholar]
- Felstead, Alan, and Nick Jewson. 1999. Work, At Home: Towards an Understanding of Homeworking. London: Routledge. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forte, Teresa, Santinha Gonçalo, and Sérgio A. Carvalho. 2021. The COVID-19 Pandemic Strain: Teleworking and Health Behavior Changes in the Portuguese Context. Healthcare 9: 1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganster, Daniel C., Christopher C. Rosen, and Gwenith G. Fisher. 2018. Long working hours and well-being: What we know, what we do not know, and what we need to know. Journal of Business and Psychology 33: 25–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Golden, Timothy D., and Sumita Raghuram. 2010. Teleworker knowledge sharing and the role of altered relational and technological interactions. Journal of Organizational Behavior 31: 1061–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grant, Christine A., Louise M. Wallace, and Peter C. Spurgeon. 2013. An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e-worker’s job effectiveness, well-being and work-life balance. Employee Relations 35: 527–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hadi, Sascha Abdel, Arnold B. Bakker, and Jan A. Häusser. 2021. The role of leisure crafting for emotional exhaustion in telework during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anxiety Stress Coping 34: 530–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Henke, Rachel Mosher, Richele Benevent, Patricia Schulte, Christine Rinehart, Andrew K. Crighton, and Maureen Corcoran. 2016. The effects of telecommuting intensity on employee health. American Journal of Health Promotion 30: 604–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hill, E. Jeffrey, Jenet Jacob Erickson, Erin K. Holmes, and Maria Ferris. 2010. Workplace Flexibility, Work Hours, and Work-Life Conflict: Finding an Extra Day or Two. Journal of Family Psychology 24: 349–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huuhtanen, Pekka. 1997. The Health and Safety Issues for Teleworkers in the European Union—Consolidated Report. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. [Google Scholar]
- ILO. 2005. Hours of Work. From Fixed to Flexible? Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. (Articles 19, 22 and 35 of the Constitution), Report 93 III. Geneva: International Labour Organization. [Google Scholar]
- ILO. 2018. Decent Work in Portugal 2008–2018: From Crisis to Recovery. Geneva: International Labour Office. [Google Scholar]
- ILO. 2020. Portugal: Rapid Assessment of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Economy and Labour Market. Geneva: International Labour Organization. [Google Scholar]
- Kelliher, Clare, and Deirdre Anderson. 2010. Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human Relations 63: 83–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lautsch, Brenda A., and Ellen Ernst Kossek. 2011. Managing a blended workforce: Telecommuters and non-telecommuters. Organizational Dynamics 40: 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, Robert E. 2004. Teleworking: An assessment of the benefits and challenges. Europe Business Review 16: 344–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MTSSS. 2021. Livro Verde sobre o Futuro do Trabalho. Lisbon: MTSSS. [Google Scholar]
- Nagata, Tomohisa, Masako Nagata, Kazunori Ikegami, Ayako Hino, Seiichiro Tateishi, Mayumi Tsuji, Shinya Matsuda, Yoshihisa Fujino, and Koji Mori. 2021. Intensity of Home-Based Telework and Work Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Environmental Medicine 63: 907–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nilles, Jack. 1988. Traffic reduction by telecommuting: A status review and selected bibliography. Transportation Research Record 22-A: 301–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nilles, Jack. 1991. Telecommuting and urban sprawl: Mitigator or inciter? Transportation 18: 411–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pennings, Frans. 1997. The Social Security Position of Teleworkers in The European Union. Summary Report by Frans Pennings. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. [Google Scholar]
- Petcu, Monica Aureliana, Maria Iulia Sobolevschi-David, Raluca Florentina Crețu, Stefania Cristina Curea, Anca Maria Hristea, Mihaela Diana Oancea-Negescu, and Daniela Tutui. 2023. Telework: A Social and Emotional Perspective of the Impact on Employees’ Wellbeing in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20: 1811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rebelo, Glória, Eduardo Simões, and Isabel Salavisa. 2020. Working time and digital transition: A complex and ambiguous relationship. Paper presented at 2nd European Conference on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Online, 22–23 October; pp. 128–135. Available online: https://www.proceedings.com/content/056/056779webtoc.pdf (accessed on 12 October 2022).
- Reid, Erin. 2015. Embracing, Passing, Revealing, and the Ideal Worker Image: How People Navigate Expected and Experienced Professional Identities. Organization Science 26: 997–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosensohn, Nicole, and Bertrand Schneider. 1997. Télétravail, realité ou espérance? Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. [Google Scholar]
- Sewell, Graham, and Laurent Taskin. 2015. Out of Sight, Out of Mind in a New World of Work? Autonomy, Control, and Spatiotemporal Scaling in Telework, Organization Science 36: 1507–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Supiot, Alain. 2008. The transformation of work and the future of labour law in Europe: A multidisciplinary perspective. International Labour Review 138: 31–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vander Elst, Tinne, Verhoogen Ronny, Maarten Sercu, Anja Van den Broeck, Elfi Baillien, and Lode Godderis. 2017. Not Extent of telecommuting, but job characteristics as proximal predictors of work-related well-being. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59: 180–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vickery, Rebecca. 2021. 8 Metrics to Measure Classification Performance. Available online: https://towardsdatascience.com/8-metrics-to-measure-classification-performance-984d9d7fd7aa (accessed on 12 October 2022).
Independent Variables Categories | Adjusted Odds Ratio | Adjusted Odds Ratio 95%CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
Male | Reference Class | ||
Female | 3.76 | 0.39 | 1.37 |
18–35 years | 1.02 | 0 | 107.02 |
36–50 years | 0.65 | 0 | /// * |
51 years or older | 1.79 | 0 | 31.79 |
Bachelor s degree | 0.49 | 0.18 | 1.72 |
Post-graduate/Master s/Doctoral degree | 0.71 | 0.13 | 0.88 |
Less than a University degree | 3.33 | 2.13 | 8.38 |
Single | 0.06 | 0 | 0.01 |
Divorced or separated | 7.91 | 6.1 | /// * |
Married or in a domestic partnership | 0.02 | 0 | 0.05 |
Widowed | 289.7 | ||
None | 0.09 | ||
1 child | 0.16 | 0 | 0 |
2 children | 0.33 | 0 | 0 |
3 or more children | 42.6 | 93.0 | /// * |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rebelo, G.; Almeida, A.; Pedra, J. Telework and Work Intensity: Insights from an Exploratory Study in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Adm. Sci. 2024, 14, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14010014
Rebelo G, Almeida A, Pedra J. Telework and Work Intensity: Insights from an Exploratory Study in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Administrative Sciences. 2024; 14(1):14. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebelo, Glória, Antonio Almeida, and Joao Pedra. 2024. "Telework and Work Intensity: Insights from an Exploratory Study in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Administrative Sciences 14, no. 1: 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14010014