Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Physicochemical Measurement
2.3. Water Quality Index (WQI) Determination
2.4. Microbiological Analyses
2.4.1. Enumeration of Total Bacteria Count
2.4.2. Identification of Faecal Coliform and E. coli in Water Samples
Presumptive Test
Confirmatory Test
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Assigned Weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 4 | 4 | 4 | ND | 4 |
Ca | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Mg | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Mn | ND | ND | ND | 5 | 5 |
Cl | 3 | 3 | 1.0 | 5 | 1 |
Cr | ND | ND | ND | 5 | 5 |
Cu | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4 |
Reference | Rao and Nageswararao [32] | Shamar et al [33] | Kawo and Karuppannan [34] | Chourasia [35] | This study |
Parameter | WHO Standard [31] | Weight (wi) | Relative Weight (Wi) |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 6–8.5 | 4 | 0.1739 |
Ca2+ | 75 | 2 | 0.0870 |
Mn2+ | 0.4 | 5 | 0.2174 |
Mg2+ | 50 | 2 | 0.0870 |
Cu2+ | 2 | 4 | 0.1739 |
Cr | 0.05 | 5 | 0.2174 |
Cl− | 250 | 1 | 0.0435 |
WQI Range | Water Quality |
---|---|
<50 | Excellent water |
50–100 | Good water |
100–200 | Poor water |
200–300 | Very poor water |
>300 | Water unsuitable for drinking purpose |
Sample Code | SW1 | SW2 | SW3 | SW4 | SW5 | SW6 | SW7 | GW1 | GW2 | GW3 | GW4 | GW5 | GW6 | GW7 | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Faecal coliform | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
E. coli | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
Sampling Site | Water Quality | |
---|---|---|
SW1 | 27.44 | Excellent water |
SW2 | 30.96 | Excellent water |
SW3 | 25.28 | Excellent water |
SW4 | 22.36 | Excellent water |
SW5 | 33.59 | Excellent water |
SW6 | 29.58 | Excellent water |
SW7 | 23.34 | Excellent water |
GW1 | 33.56 | Excellent water |
GW2 | 157.94 | Poor water |
GW3 | 69.29 | Good water |
GW4 | 26.43 | Excellent water |
GW5 | 26.26 | Excellent water |
GW6 | 26.73 | Excellent water |
GW7 | 29.99 | Excellent water |
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Olasoji, S.O.; Oyewole, N.O.; Abiola, B.; Edokpayi, J.N. Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria. Environments 2019, 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6020023
Olasoji SO, Oyewole NO, Abiola B, Edokpayi JN. Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria. Environments. 2019; 6(2):23. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6020023
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlasoji, Samuel O., Nather O. Oyewole, Bayode Abiola, and Joshua N. Edokpayi. 2019. "Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria" Environments 6, no. 2: 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6020023
APA StyleOlasoji, S. O., Oyewole, N. O., Abiola, B., & Edokpayi, J. N. (2019). Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Sources Using a Water Quality Index Method: A Case Study of a Peri-Urban Town in Southwest, Nigeria. Environments, 6(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6020023