Gardening the City: Addressing Sustainability and Adapting to Global Warming through Urban Agriculture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
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- The first consists of reducing anthropogenic heat emissions in the city, such as road traffic, residential and industrial heating and cooling, and industrial activities.
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- The second addresses urban morphology. Indeed, canyon streets lined with buildings of similar size are heat retainers. In opposition to green land use, asphalt, concrete, and granite—all dark materials—act as heat sinks that store solar energy during the day and release it in the form of heat at night. Preventing canyon streets and favoring light reflecting materials reduces the amount of solar radiation absorbed and therefore reduces the UHI magnitude [12].
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- The third concerns urban density. In dense urban areas, the UHI is more important than in lower density areas, and it has dramatic consequences. A report by the Italian city of Genoa shows a strong correlation between high urban density and increased mortality during heat waves [13]. The report recorded the number of deceased in relation to the characteristics of the urban fabric where the people died: green neighborhoods, suburban low-rise housing, dense urban centers, etc. In France, the Institut National de Veille Sanitaire (INVS) reached the same conclusion in a report after the summer heat wave of 2003 [14].
2. Vegetating the City Decreases the Urban Heat Island Effect
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- In the vicinity of large, deciduous wooded parks that included a river, a decrease in temperature of 1 °C to 7 °C was recorded [28]. For the same global surface, it appears that larger green patches with high edge density are more efficient in decreasing the UHI than several smaller patches, which places emphasis on the type of planning policies [29,30].
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- Green facades and green roofs show substantial cooling benefits. Above green roofs, the air temperature is substantially lower than above blank roofs during a summer sunny day (22 °C instead of 41 °C, which is a mitigation of 18 °C) [31].
3. Using Urban Agriculture to Green the City Has Many Benefits
4. Developing Agriculture in the City Also Means Evolving toward Adaptive Planning
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mancebo, F. Gardening the City: Addressing Sustainability and Adapting to Global Warming through Urban Agriculture. Environments 2018, 5, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5030038
Mancebo F. Gardening the City: Addressing Sustainability and Adapting to Global Warming through Urban Agriculture. Environments. 2018; 5(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancebo, François. 2018. "Gardening the City: Addressing Sustainability and Adapting to Global Warming through Urban Agriculture" Environments 5, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5030038