Pteris cretica as a Potential Biomarker and Hyperaccumulator in an Abandoned Mine Site, Southwest Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Plots
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)
2.4. Translocation Factor (TF)
2.5. Heavy Metal Uptake Intensity
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
4. Discussion
4.1. Heavy Metal Uptake Intensity from Soil to Shoot of P. cretica
4.2. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)
4.3. Translocation Factor (TF)
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PIXE | Particle Induced X-ray Emission |
ICP-OES | Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry |
BCF | Bioconcentration Factor |
TF | Translocation Factor |
DW | Dry Weight |
SD | Standard Deviation |
ND | Not Detected |
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Sample | As | Zn | Pb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Soil (mg/kg DW) ± SD | BCF | Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Soil (mg/kg DW) ± SD | BCF | Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Soil (mg/kg DW) ± SD | BCF | |
1 | 147 ± 13.5 | 370 ± 5.72 | 0.40 | 96.7 ± 6.89 | 2730 ± 10.0 | 0.04 | 440 ± 31.4 | 584 ± 16.6 | 0.75 |
2 | 274 ± 27.2 | 1476 ± 16.8 | 0.19 | 168 ± 14.2 | 4600 ± 20.0 | 0.04 | 835 ± 70.6 | 1610 ± 26.1 | 0.52 |
3 | ND | 250 ± 2.90 | ND | 117 ± 7.70 | 795 ± 9.50 | 0.15 | 2.40 ± 1.86 | 273 ± 4.77 | 0.01 |
4 | 1300 ± 89.9 | 15100 ± 150 | 0.09 | 65.0 ± 4.72 | 834 ± 14.1 | 0.08 | 3840 ± 258 | 874 ± 3.19 | 4.39 |
5 | 46.5 ± 8.60 | 161 ± 6.00 | 0.29 | 147 ± 13.1 | 10000 ± 50.0 | 0.01 | 125 ± 13.2 | 420 ± 2.19 | 0.30 |
6 | 91.1 ± 12.8 | 47.3 ± 0.63 | 1.92 | 70.8 ± 6.54 | 246 ± 6.79 | 0.29 | 300 ± 27.9 | 113 ± 2.81 | 2.65 |
7 | 241 ± 24.8 | 234 ± 1.05 | 1.03 | 177 ± 15.2 | 1200 ± 29.1 | 0.15 | 820 ± 70.3 | 143 ± 3.07 | 5.73 |
8 | 37.4 ± 5.88 | 92.0 ± 3.05 | 0.41 | 98.5 ± 6.94 | 720 ± 13.5 | 0.14 | 103 ± 8.60 | 89.2 ± 1.06 | 1.15 |
9 | 38.1 ± 5.98 | 333 ± 0.77 | 0.11 | 100 ± 7.06 | 562 ± 8.95 | 0.18 | 105 ± 8.75 | 636 ± 14.6 | 0.16 |
10 | 153 ± 16.0 | 355 ± 9.04 | 0.43 | 249 ± 19.1 | 1900 ± 25.1 | 0.13 | 520 ± 41.0 | 790 ± 7.15 | 0.66 |
11 | 48.5 ± 7.86 | 27.2 ± 2.95 | 1.78 | 48.3 ± 4.04 | 210 ± 2.48 | 0.23 | 174 ± 15.0 | 64.0 ± 2.19 | 2.73 |
12 | 96.2 ± 10.3 | 91.0 ± 0.40 | 1.06 | 95.1 ± 6.77 | 1100 ± 2.95 | 0.09 | 305 ± 22.3 | 141 ± 2.70 | 2.16 |
13 | 42.0 ± 4.86 | 76.0 ± 2.56 | 0.55 | 62.0 ± 3.80 | 377 ± 7.98 | 0.16 | 120 ± 8.02 | 83.0 ± 1.28 | 1.41 |
14 | 25.3 ± 4.92 | 758 ± 7.21 | 0.03 | 146 ± 9.87 | 983 ± 11.6 | 0.15 | 90.6 ± 7.58 | 443 ± 8.09 | 0.20 |
15 | 85.3 ± 8.43 | 106 ± 0.98 | 0.81 | 99.0 ± 6.45 | 933 ± 10.2 | 0.11 | 250 ± 17.1 | 105 ± 2.50 | 2.37 |
16 | 105 ± 11.3 | 61.0 ± 0.88 | 1.73 | 66.0 ± 5.05 | 1010 ± 2.97 | 0.07 | 304 ± 23.5 | 85.4 ± 1.36 | 3.56 |
17 | 110 ± 12.0 | 95.3 ± 4.36 | 1.14 | 234 ± 17.7 | 2100 ± 0.00 | 0.11 | 303 ± 24.3 | 133 ± 6.56 | 2.27 |
18 | 40.0 ± 6.1 | 39.4 ± 1.60 | 1.01 | 43.1 ± 3.17 | 291 ± 8.38 | 0.15 | 155 ± 11.8 | 49.0 ± 3.73 | 3.18 |
19 | 23.1 ± 5.52 | 32.0 ± 2.38 | 0.72 | 52.3 ± 4.33 | 196 ± 8.28 | 0.27 | 116 ± 10.7 | 59.2 ± 3.10 | 1.96 |
20 | 11.0 ± 3.87 | 17.2 ± 2.18 | 0.62 | 54.3 ± 4.08 | 173 ± 8.10 | 0.31 | 40.3 ± 4.53 | 39.3 ± 4.53 | 1.02 |
21 | 21.0 ± 3.85 | 49.3 ± 3.24 | 0.42 | 44.0 ± 2.87 | 337 ± 5.11 | 0.13 | 66.9 ± 5.36 | 88.0 ± 1.00 | 0.76 |
22 | 38.0 ± 6.02 | 19.0 ± 0.23 | 1.99 | 48.0 ± 3.62 | 200 ± 1.86 | 0.24 | 115 ± 9.56 | 45.0 ± 3.29 | 2.56 |
23 | 40.0 ± 7.63 | 24.2 ± 1.14 | 1.65 | 54.1 ± 4.84 | 128 ± 1.87 | 0.42 | 85.0 ± 9.12 | 43.0 ± 2.44 | 1.98 |
24 | 20.2 ± 3.87 | 104 ± 2.20 | 0.20 | 74.4 ± 4.80 | 533 ± 4.64 | 0.14 | 70.0 ± 5.79 | 91.4 ± 1.41 | 0.76 |
25 | 204 ± 18.2 | 78.3 ± 2.28 | 2.61 | 164 ± 11.8 | 910 ± 3.58 | 0.18 | 696 ± 50.1 | 270 ± 4.28 | 2.58 |
26 | 31.0 ± 5.63 | 30.5 ± 0.80 | 1.00 | 34.3 ± 2.77 | 238 ± 4.71 | 0.14 | 100 ± 8.80 | 52.4 ± 0.40 | 1.91 |
27 | 12.4 ± 4.63 | 21.1 ± 2.07 | 0.59 | 296 ± 20.2 | 540 ± 8.94 | 0.55 | 57.1 ± 5.64 | 40.0 ± 2.83 | 1.44 |
28 | 3.10 ± 0.00 | 27.1 ± 2.90 | 0.11 | 65.3 ± 5.06 | 220 ± 7.15 | 0.30 | 17.5 ± 3.05 | 46.1 ± 2.67 | 0.38 |
29 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 15.0 ± 1.04 | 0.03 | 33.3 ± 2.45 | 113 ± 1.97 | 0.29 | 8.32 ± 2.06 | 33.4 ± 0.20 | 0.25 |
30 | ND | 19.0 ± 2.79 | ND | 25.0 ± 2.30 | 202 ± 3.66 | 0.12 | 8.53 ± 2.95 | 37.0 ± 1.40 | 0.23 |
31 | 5.84 ± 2.89 | 20.0 ± 1.36 | 0.30 | 65.0 ± 4.58 | 282 ± 8.34 | 0.23 | 16.3 ± 2.50 | 43.3 ± 1.60 | 0.38 |
Sample | As | Zn | Pb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Root (mg/kg DW) ± SD | TF | Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Root (mg/kg DW) ± SD | TF | Shoot (mg/kg DW) ± SD | Root (mg/kg DW) ± SD | TF | |
1 | 147 ± 13.5 | 2819 ± 1185 | 0.05 | 96.7 ± 6.89 | 1171 ± 22 | 0.08 | 440 ± 31.4 | 385 ± 167 | 1.14 |
2 | 274 ± 27.2 | 2909 ± 123 | 0.09 | 168 ± 14.2 | 1447 ± 32 | 0.12 | 835 ± 70.6 | 264 ± 132 | 3.16 |
3 | ND | 1232 ±459 | ND | 117 ± 7.70 | 325 ± 947 | 0.36 | 2.40 ± 1.86 | 196± 103 | 0.01 |
4 | 1300 ± 89.9 | 3275 ± 763 | 0.40 | 65.0 ± 4.72 | 464 ± 3.00 | 0.14 | 3840 ± 258 | ND | ND |
5 | 46.5 ± 8.60 | 1865 ± 175 | 0.03 | 147 ± 13.1 | 293 ± 7.00 | 0.50 | 125 ± 13.2 | 139 ± 124 | 0.90 |
6 | 91.1 ± 12.8 | 2186± 477 | 0.04 | 70.8 ± 6.54 | 197 ± 646 | 0.36 | 300 ± 27.9 | 58.0 ± 249 | 5.15 |
7 | 241 ± 24.8 | 2395± 9455 | 0.10 | 177 ± 15.2 | 402 ± 10.0 | 0.44 | 820 ± 70.3 | ND | ND |
8 | 37.4 ± 5.88 | 2861± 3.05 | 0.01 | 98.5 ± 6.94 | 431 ± 16.0 | 0.23 | 103 ± 8.60 | ND | ND |
9 | 38.1 ± 5.98 | 2427± 654 | 0.02 | 100 ± 7.06 | 428 ± 25.0 | 0.23 | 105 ± 8.75 | 25 ± 607 | 4.28 |
10 | 153 ± 16.0 | 2524 ±1065 | 0.06 | 249 ± 19.1 | 1742 ± 39.0 | 0.14 | 520 ± 41.0 | 219 ± 13.0 | 2.37 |
11 | 48.5 ± 7.86 | 2210 ± 1220 | 0.02 | 48.3 ± 4.04 | 19.0 ± 29.6 | 2.58 | 174 ± 15.0 | 183 ± 235 | 0.95 |
12 | 96.2 ± 10.3 | 2163 ± 703 | 0.04 | 95.1 ± 6.77 | 451 ± 26.0 | 0.21 | 305 ± 22.3 | ND | ND |
13 | 42.0 ± 4.86 | 2227 ± 2131 | 0.02 | 62.0 ± 3.80 | 278 ± 57.0 | 0.22 | 120 ± 8.02 | ND | ND |
14 | 25.3 ± 4.92 | 2847 ± 248 | 0.01 | 146 ± 9.87 | 370 ± 24.0 | 0.39 | 90.6 ± 7.58 | 32.0 ± 404 | 2.86 |
15 | 85.3 ± 8.43 | 1569 ± 415 | 0.05 | 99.0 ± 6.45 | 442 ± 16.0 | 0.22 | 250 ± 17.1 | 15.0 ± 200 | 16.8 |
16 | 105 ± 11.3 | 380 ± 1623 | 0.28 | 66.0 ± 5.05 | 307± 18.0 | 0.21 | 304 ± 23.5 | 430 ± 331 | 0.71 |
17 | 110 ± 12.0 | 480 ± 113.5 | 0.23 | 234 ± 17.7 | 384 ± 28.0 | 0.61 | 303 ± 24.3 | 108 ± 94.0 | 2.80 |
18 | 40.0 ± 6.1 | 24.0 ± 1676 | 1.65 | 43.1 ± 3.17 | 27.0 ± 18.0 | 1.58 | 155 ± 11.8 | 195 ± 176 | 0.79 |
19 | 23.1 ± 5.52 | 1148± 673 | 0.02 | 52.3 ± 4.33 | 266 ± 15.0 | 0.20 | 116 ± 10.7 | 111 ± 145 | 1.05 |
20 | 11.0 ± 3.87 | 140 ± 559 | 0.08 | 54.3 ± 4.08 | 37.0 ± 14.0 | 1.47 | 40.3 ± 4.53 | 63.0 ± 78.0 | 0.63 |
21 | 21.0 ± 3.85 | 777 ± 1251 | 0.03 | 44.0 ± 2.87 | 144 ± 11.00 | 0.31 | 66.9 ± 5.36 | 117 ± 315 | 0.57 |
22 | 38.0 ± 6.02 | 201 ± 1043 | 0.19 | 48.0 ± 3.62 | 183 ± 46.0 | 0.26 | 115 ± 9.56 | 17.4 ± 255 | 6.61 |
23 | 40.0 ± 7.63 | 1212 ± 564 | 0.03 | 54.1 ± 4.84 | 171 ± 68.0 | 0.32 | 85.0 ± 9.12 | 92.6 ± 109 | 0.92 |
24 | 20.2 ± 3.87 | 902 ± 430 | 0.02 | 74.4 ± 4.80 | 138 ± 38.0 | 0.54 | 70.0 ± 5.79 | 260 ± 109 | 0.27 |
25 | 204 ± 18.2 | 400 ± 1108 | 0.51 | 164 ± 11.8 | 246 ± 11.0 | 0.67 | 696 ± 50.1 | 88.0 ± 180 | 7.90 |
26 | 31.0 ± 5.63 | 1380 ± 1306 | 0.02 | 34.3 ± 2.77 | 198 ± 25.0 | 0.17 | 100 ± 8.80 | 74.0 ± 98.0 | 1.36 |
27 | 12.4 ± 4.63 | 998 ± 1968 | 0.01 | 296 ± 20.2 | 479 ± 51.0 | 0.62 | 57.1 ± 5.64 | ND | ND |
28 | 3.10 ± 0.00 | 630 ± 479 | 0.01 | 65.3 ± 5.06 | 94.0 ± 16.0 | 0.69 | 17.5 ± 3.05 | 104 ± 244 | 0.17 |
29 | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 812 ± 818 | 0.00 | 33.3 ± 2.45 | 54.0 ± 20.0 | 0.61 | 8.32 ± 2.06 | 16.1 ± 103 | 0.50 |
30 | ND | 463 ± 555 | ND | 25.0 ± 2.30 | 232 ± 22.0 | 0.11 | 8.53 ± 2.95 | ND | ND |
31 | 5.84 ± 2.89 | 431 ± 218 | 0.01 | 65.0 ± 4.58 | 65.0 ± 28.0 | 1.00 | 16.3 ± 2.50 | 211 ± 405 | 0.08 |
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Prasetia, H.; Sakakibara, M.; Sueoka, Y.; Sera, K. Pteris cretica as a Potential Biomarker and Hyperaccumulator in an Abandoned Mine Site, Southwest Japan. Environments 2016, 3, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030015
Prasetia H, Sakakibara M, Sueoka Y, Sera K. Pteris cretica as a Potential Biomarker and Hyperaccumulator in an Abandoned Mine Site, Southwest Japan. Environments. 2016; 3(3):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030015
Chicago/Turabian StylePrasetia, Hendra, Masayuki Sakakibara, Yuri Sueoka, and Koichiro Sera. 2016. "Pteris cretica as a Potential Biomarker and Hyperaccumulator in an Abandoned Mine Site, Southwest Japan" Environments 3, no. 3: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030015