Neuroticism Predicts Subsequent Risk of Major Depression for Whites but Not Blacks
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Setting
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Sampling and Participants
2.4. Analytical Sample
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Measures
2.6.1. Demographic Factors
2.6.2. Socio-Demographics (SES)
2.6.3. Health Behaviors
2.6.4. Stressful Life Events (SLE)
2.6.5. Neuroticism (N)
2.6.6. Depressive Symptoms
2.6.7. Obesity
2.6.8. Chronic Medical Conditions (CMC)
2.6.9. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Models in the Pooled Sample
3.3. Models among Whites and Blacks
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 1219) | Whites (n = 847) | Blacks (n = 372) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (SE) | 95% CI | n (SE) | 95% CI | n (SE) | 95% CI | |
Race * | ||||||
White | 90.06 (0.01) | 87.86–91.90 | – | – | – | – |
Black | 9.94 (0.01) | 8.10–12.14 | – | – | – | – |
Gender * | ||||||
Men | 46.11 (0.02) | 42.81–49.45 | 46.57 (0.02) | 42.98–50.19 | 41.97 (0.03) | 35.78–48.43 |
Women | 53.89 (0.02) | 50.55–57.19 | 53.43 (0.02) | 49.81–57.02 | 58.03 (0.03) | 51.57–64.22 |
Obese * | ||||||
No | 86.78 (0.01) | 84.70–88.61 | 87.23 (0.01) | 84.82–89.30 | 82.69 (0.02) | 77.64–86.79 |
Yes | 13.22 (0.01) | 11.39–15.30 | 12.77 (0.01) | 10.70–15.18 | 17.31 (0.02) | 13.21–22.36 |
Any chronic medical conditions * | ||||||
No | 68.86 (0.02) | 65.25–72.24 | 69.92 (0.02) | 65.94–73.62 | 59.22 (0.03) | 52.30–65.79 |
Yes | 31.14 (0.02) | 27.7634.75– | 30.08 (0.02) | 26.38–34.06 | 40.78 (0.03) | 34.21–47.70 |
Drinking * | ||||||
No | 32.66 (0.02) | 28.72–36.86 | 31.31 (0.02) | 27.19–35.76 | 44.84 (0.04) | 37.66–52.24 |
Yes | 67.34 (0.02) | 63.14–71.28 | 68.69 (0.02) | 64.24–72.81 | 55.16 (0.04) | 47.76–62.34 |
Smoking * | ||||||
No | 70.65 (0.02) | 66.93–74.11 | 71.43 (0.02) | 67.36–75.18 | 63.55 (0.03) | 56.37–70.17 |
Yes | 29.35 (0.02) | 25.89–33.07 | 28.57 (0.02) | 24.82–32.64 | 36.45 (0.03) | 29.83–43.63 |
MDD * | ||||||
No | 91.23 (0.01) | 89.13–92.96 | 91.51 (0.01) | 89.27–93.31 | 88.76 (0.02) | 83.95–92.26 |
Yes | 8.77 (0.01) | 7.04–10.87 | 8.49 (0.01) | 6.69–10.73 | 11.24 (0.02) | 7.74–16.05 |
Neuroticism * | ||||||
Low | 83.52 (0.01) | 80.43–86.20 | 83.98 (0.02) | 80.41–87.01 | 79.29 (0.02) | 74.64–83.27 |
High | 16.48 (0.01) | 13.80–19.57 | 16.02 (0.02) | 12.99–19.59 | 20.71 (0.02) | 16.73–25.36 |
% (SE) | 95% CI | % (SE) | 95% CI | % (SE) | 95% CI | |
Age | 47.77 (0.53) | 46.69–48.84 | 47.96 (0.60) | 46.75–49.17 | 46.33 (0.72) | 44.89–47.78 |
Education (>12 years) * | 12.53 (0.10) | 12.34–12.73 | 12.69 (0.11) | 12.48–12.90 | 11.37 (0.23) | 10.90–11.84 |
Household income * | 5.41 (0.09) | 5.22–5.60 | 5.57 (0.10) | 5.36–5.77 | 4.25 (0.18) | 3.88–4.62 |
Stress * | 0.88 (0.02) | 0.84–0.92 | 0.88 (0.02) | 0.84–0.92 | 0.87 (0.03) | 0.81–0.94 |
Depressive symptoms * | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.08–0.02 | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.13–0.02 | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.18–0.38 |
Neuroticism * | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.06–0.04 | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.07–0.05 | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.07–0.09 |
OR (SE) | 95% CI | p | OR | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
Race(Blacks) | 0.88 (0.22) | 0.54–1.45 | 0.612 | 1.23 (0.34) | 0.70–2.16 | 0.455 |
Age | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.96–1.02 | 0.342 | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.96–1.02 | 0.325 |
Gender (Women) | 1.02 (0.25) | 0.63–1.66 | 0.927 | 1.03 (0.25) | 0.63–1.69 | 0.894 |
Education (>12 years) | 0.99 (0.08) | 0.85–1.17 | 0.941 | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.85–1.17 | 0.964 |
Household income | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.86–1.12 | 0.778 | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.86–1.11 | 0.751 |
Any chronic medical condition | 1.18 (0.31) | 0.70–1.99 | 0.530 | 1.20 (0.31) | 0.71–2.03 | 0.477 |
Obese | 1.42 (0.39) | 0.81–2.48 | 0.215 | 1.41 (0.39) | 0.81–2.45 | 0.219 |
Drinking | 0.73 (0.16) | 0.47–1.12 | 0.148 | 0.73 (0.16) | 0.48–1.13 | 0.156 |
Smoking | 1.55 (0.44) | 0.87–2.75 | 0.130 | 1.53 (0.44) | 0.86–2.73 | 0.141 |
Stress | 1.36 (0.21) | 0.99–1.86 | 0.054 | 1.36 (0.21) | 1.00–1.85 | 0.050 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.55 (0.18) | 1.22–1.97 | 0.001 | 1.56 (0.18) | 1.23–1.98 | 0.000 |
Neuroticism | 2.23 (0.74) | 1.14–4.34 | 0.020 | 2.51 (0.88) | 1.24–5.08 | 0.012 |
Neuroticism × Race | - | - | - | 0.37 (0.20) | 0.12–1.12 | 0.077 |
Constant | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.01–1.49 | 0.092 | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.01–1.41 | 0.085 |
OR (SE) | 95% CI | p | OR (SE) | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
Whites (n = 847) | Blacks (n = 372) | |||||
Age | 0.98 (0.02) | 0.95–1.02 | 0.343 | 0.98 (0.03) | 0.93–1.03 | 0.374 |
Gender (Women) | 1.05 (0.30) | 0.59–1.85 | 0.863 | 0.95 (0.59) | 0.27–3.34 | 0.932 |
Education (>12 years) | 1.01 (0.10) | 0.83–1.22 | 0.929 | 0.91 (0.12) | 0.71–1.18 | 0.467 |
Household income | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.84–1.13 | 0.685 | 1.06 (0.09) | 0.89–1.26 | 0.524 |
Any chronic medical condition | 1.31 (0.40) | 0.71–2.42 | 0.376 | 0.63 (0.31) | 0.23–1.68 | 0.347 |
Obese | 1.33 (0.46) | 0.66–2.69 | 0.421 | 2.07 (0.94) | 0.82–5.20 | 0.118 |
Drinking | 0.65 (0.15) | 0.40–1.05 | 0.075 | 1.52 (0.83) | 0.50–4.61 | 0.450 |
Smoking | 1.42 (0.44) | 0.76–2.63 | 0.267 | 2.13 (0.72) | 1.08–4.23 | 0.031 |
Stress | 1.38 (0.25) | 0.96–2.00 | 0.084 | 1.32 (0.20) | 0.97–1.79 | 0.073 |
Depressive symptoms | 1.53 (0.20) | 1.18–1.99 | 0.002 | 1.83 (0.35) | 1.25–2.70 | 0.003 |
Neuroticism | 2.55 (0.93) | 1.22–5.32 | 0.014 | 0.90 (0.59) | 0.24–3.39 | 0.871 |
Constant | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.00–1.87 | 0.116 | 0.24 (0.64) | 0.00–54.25 | 0.596 |
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Assari, S. Neuroticism Predicts Subsequent Risk of Major Depression for Whites but Not Blacks. Behav. Sci. 2017, 7, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040064
Assari S. Neuroticism Predicts Subsequent Risk of Major Depression for Whites but Not Blacks. Behavioral Sciences. 2017; 7(4):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040064
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin. 2017. "Neuroticism Predicts Subsequent Risk of Major Depression for Whites but Not Blacks" Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 4: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7040064