Motivation and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Active Travel to Different Destinations: A Cluster Analysis with Adolescents Living in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Which clusters comprising motivation and BPNs satisfaction regarding AT behavior can be identified in adolescents? To gain a better understanding of the co-existence of the psychological determinants of AT, clusters will be generated using self-organizing maps (SOM) analysis. The resulting profiles will be evaluated based on the theoretical assumptions of SDT [17,18].
- Does overall AT behavior differ between the generated clusters? Current variable-based research indicates that both motivation and BPNs satisfaction affect AT behavior [25,26]. Thus, we assume that, if the SOM analysis results in theory-consistent profiles, differences in overall AT behavior between the clusters will be observable. Overall AT behavior should be higher in clusters with higher levels of autonomous motivation and higher BPNs satisfaction compared to clusters with higher levels of controlled motivation or amotivation and lower levels of BPNs satisfaction.
- Is travel mode or travel distance associated with cluster membership when considering different destinations? Most research on travel behavior has been conducted on travel behavior to and from school [8]. However, adolescents frequently travel to other destinations in everyday life, such as to shopping or leisure facilities [46]. Therefore, we aim to examine whether an association occurs between the number of adolescents who choose an active travel mode and their cluster membership by considering different destinations. Additionally, distance to a destination has been found to strongly influence travel mode choice [47,48,49]. Accordingly, we will investigate whether the distance traveled to a certain destination differs between clusters and whether this might contribute to explain travel mode choices.
- Are there differences across the clusters in terms of sex/gender, age, and weight status? Sex/gender and age predicted cluster membership in a study on motivational profiles in physical education [50]. Additionally, previous research illustrates lower levels of AT in older youth [15] and female adolescents [16]. Further, research suggests a negative association between AT behavior and body-mass-index (BMI) [51,52]. Thus, differences in the distribution of male and female adolescents, age, and weight status might also occur across the clusters.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The ARRIVE Study
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Sociodemographic Data
2.4.2. Motivation towards Active Travel
2.4.3. Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction towards Active Travel
2.4.4. Travel Behavior
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cluster Description
3.2. Overall Active Travel Behavior
3.3. Travel Mode and Distance to Specific Destinations
3.4. Cluster Membership and Sex/Gender, Age, and Weight Status
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | Cluster 6 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic Motivation | 1.90 (0.70) | 3.02 (0.66) 3 | 3.09 (0.57) 2 | 3.86 (0.58) 5 | 3.88 (0.52) 4 | 4.51 (0.50) | 3.51 (1.05) |
Integrated Regulation | 1.49 (0.46) | 2.20 (0.61) | 2.69 (0.53) 4 | 2.78 (0.61) 3 | 3.64 (0.50) | 4.24 (0.62) | 3.01 (1.12) |
Identified Regulation | 1.75 (0.54) | 2.27 (0.64) | 2.91 (0.55) 4 | 3.09 (0.56) 3 | 3.77 (0.48) | 4.11 (0.66) | 3.12 (1.03) |
Introjected Regulation | 1.30 (0.41) 2,4 | 1.25 (0.30) 1,4 | 2.03 (0.56) 6 | 1.35 (0.39) 1,2 | 2.64 (0.81) | 1.94 (0.70) 3 | 1.78 (0.76) |
External Regulation | 2.48 (0.98) 5 | 1.43 (0.40) 6 | 2.91 (0.72) 5 | 1.81 (0.70) 6 | 2.85 (0.76) 1,3 | 1.60 (0.63) 2,4 | 2.12 (0.92) |
Amotiation | 2.88 (1.15) 3 | 1.56 (0.62) 5 | 2.52 (0.80) 1 | 1.21 (0.35) 6 | 1.82 (0.98) 2 | 1.15 (0.39) 4 | 1.78 (0.99) |
Autonomy Satisfaction | 3.25 (0.81) 2,3 | 3.60 (0.72) 1,3,5 | 3.40 (0.66) 1,2 | 4.00 (0.56) 5 | 3.80 (0.48) 2,4 | 4.58 (0.42) | 3.87 (0.77) |
Competence Satisfaction | 4.09 (0.98) 2,3,5 | 4.37 (0.74) 1,3,5 | 4.34 (0.64) 1,2,5 | 4.80 (0.32) 6 | 4.45 (0.57) 1,2,3 | 4.89 (0.23) 4 | 4.54 (0.67) |
Relatedness Satisfaction | 3.97 (0.85) 2,3,5 | 3.90 (0.72) 1,3,5 | 4.19 (0.69) 1,2,5 | 4.60 (0.45) 6 | 3.97 (0.65) 1,2,3 | 4.57 (0.43) 4 | 4.24 (0.69) |
Proportion of ways traveled actively (all destinations) | 0.47 (0.34) 2,3 | 0.54 (0.34) 1,3,4 | 0.58 (0.33) 1,2,4,5,6 | 0.65 (0.26) 2,3,5,6 | 0.69 (0.28) 3,4,6 | 0.71 (0.28) 3,4,5 | 0.62 (0.31) |
N | Male/Female | Age * | BMI * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 517 (100%) | 263 (50.9%)/254 (49.1%) | 13.11 (1.33) | 19.23 (3.32) |
Cluster 1 | 81 (15.7%) a | 31 (38.3%)/50 (61.7%) b | 13.11 (1.26) | 19.55 (3.47) |
Cluster 2 | 70 (13.5%) a | 36 (51.4%)/34 (48.6%) b | 13.31 (1.46) | 19.18 (3.12) |
Cluster 3 | 69 (13.3%) a | 37 (53.6%)/32 (46.4%) b | 13.06 (1.36) | 19.31 (4.04) |
Cluster 4 | 79 (15.3%) a | 43 (54.4%)/36 (45.6%) b | 12.86 (1.32) | 19.27 (2.93) |
Cluster 5 | 84 (16.2%) a | 41 (48.8%)/43 (51.2%) b | 12.85 (1.33) | 18.54 (2.75) |
Cluster 6 | 134 (25.9%) a | 75 (56.0%)/59 (44.0%) b | 13.17 (1.34) | 19.41 (3.45) |
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Renninger, D.; Bachner, J.; García-Massó, X.; Molina-García, J.; Reimers, A.K.; Marzi, I.; Beck, F.; Demetriou, Y. Motivation and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Active Travel to Different Destinations: A Cluster Analysis with Adolescents Living in Germany. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030272
Renninger D, Bachner J, García-Massó X, Molina-García J, Reimers AK, Marzi I, Beck F, Demetriou Y. Motivation and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Active Travel to Different Destinations: A Cluster Analysis with Adolescents Living in Germany. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(3):272. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030272
Chicago/Turabian StyleRenninger, Denise, Joachim Bachner, Xavier García-Massó, Javier Molina-García, Anne Kerstin Reimers, Isabel Marzi, Franziska Beck, and Yolanda Demetriou. 2023. "Motivation and Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in Active Travel to Different Destinations: A Cluster Analysis with Adolescents Living in Germany" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 3: 272. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030272