Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Sample Sites and Geochemical Data
- Collection and analysis of field duplicates;
- Randomization of samples prior to analysis;
- Insertion of international reference materials (RMs);
- Insertion of project standards; and
- Insertion of analytical duplicates of project samples.
2.2. B. Anthracis Case and Outbreak Data by State County, 2000–2013
State Counties Reporting Outbreaks or Cases of Anthrax in Livestock or Wildlife, 2000–2013 Utilized for Statistical Evaluation | ||
---|---|---|
State | Counties (total number) | USGS Geochemical Landscape Project sample site numbers (numbers grouped by county (total number) |
Minnesota | Clay, Kittson, Lake of the Woods, Marshall, Pennington, Polk and Roseau (7) | 2265, 6361, 857, 9094, 7129, 10969, 4825, 4953, 8921, 9177, 12121, 729, 1753, 3545, 6617, 7641 and 2009 (17) |
Montana | Gallatin, Sheridan and Roosevelt (3) | 2798, 3310, 5246, 6974, 11070, 1854, 7742 and 12414 (8) |
Nevada | Washoe (1) | 671, 1503, 2719, 3551, 5791, 6815, 8863, 9695, 10719, 11743 and 12447 (11) |
North Dakota | Barnes, Cass, Grand Forks, Nelson, Pembina, Stark, Steele and Traill (8) | 601, 1177, 4697, 8793, 3417, 7513, 11609, 5273, 8025, 8345, 9369, 1881, 3966, 5310, 8062, 12441, 2201 and 6297 (18) |
Oregon | Klamath (1) | 14, 927, 1951, 5023, 6047, 7162, 8186, 10143, 11258, 12282 and 13215 (11) |
South Dakota | Aurora, Brown, Brule, Buffalo, Charles Mix, Corson, Day Dewey, Hand, Hughes, Hyde, Lyman, Marshall, Mellette, Potter, Spink, Tripp and Walworth (18) | 1224, 8648, 10120, 4185, 8985, 3528, 4808, 13000, 4296, 12744, 1662, 9086, 10878, 12926, 3865, 7961, 3275, 4734, 8830, 10443, 7624, 11720, 1736, 5832, 9928, 6347, 8904, 1113, 2137, 12377, 3723, 638, 6937, 11033, 89, 200, 712, 456, 2504, 10891, 11464, 2841 and 10009 (43) |
Texas | Edwards, Irion, Kinney, McCulloch, Real, Sutton, Uvalde and Val Verde (8) | 4804, 8900, 12095, 7364, 9656, 3356, 6092, 708, 6596, 11716, 7452 and 12996 (12) |
State Counties Not Reporting Outbreaks or Cases of Anthrax in Livestock or Wildlife, 2000–2013 Utilized for Statistical Evaluation | ||
Minnesota | Aitkin, Itasca and St. Louis (3) | 1077, 11317, 12341, 473, 1653, 1689, 3289, 2677, 3701, 4725, 6005, 7797 and 8245 (13) |
Montana | Glacier, Toole and Liberty (3) | 3502, 11694, 2222, 3246, 7342, 10414, 11438, 6318 and 8366 (9) |
Nevada | White Pine (1) | 271, 1359, 2015, 2063, 3087, 3407, 4367, 8463, 9231, 9551, 10255, 11279, 11375 and 11999 (14) |
North Dakota | Burke, Divide, Mclean, Mountrail, Renville, Ward and Williams (7) | 7150, 11246, 12270, 3054, 6462, 7486, 10558, 318, 11326, 2030, 62, 5438, 9534, 3134, 7230 and 13118 (16) |
Oregon | Baker and Grant (2) | 3342, 6926, 8974, 9742, 10510, 13070, 1102, 1550, 2574, 4174, 4622, 5198, 5646, 9294 and 12366 (15) |
South Dakota | Custer, Fall River, Pennington and Shannon (4) | 1675, 4811, 11147, 3979, 13003, 651, 4123, 4747, 5771, 8395 and 12491 (11) |
Texas | Briscoe, Cottle, Dickens, Floyd, Hall, King and Motley (7) | 4735, 3967, 7039, 11135, 191, 11391, 8063, 11647, 6015, 10111 and 4287 (11) |
2.3. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Strontium
3.2. Calcium
Element | All Counties 46 (120)/27 (89) | Texas 8 (12)/7 (11) | N. Dakota 8 (18)/7 (16) | S. Dakota 18 (43)/4 (11) | Minnesota 7 (17)/3 (13) | Nevada 1 (11)/1 (14) | Oregon 1 (11)/2 (15) | Montana 3 (8)/3 (9) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al | 0.791 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.034 * | ||||
As | 0.018 | |||||||
Ba | 0.223 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.021 * | 0.001 | |||
Be | 0.041 * | |||||||
Bi | 0.002 | 0.015 * | ||||||
Ca | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.005 | ||||
Co | 0.000 | 0.023 * | ||||||
Cr | 0.019 | |||||||
Cu | 0.034 * | |||||||
Fe | 0.000 | |||||||
Ga | 0.000 | |||||||
K | 0.019* | 0.012 * | ||||||
La | 0.004 * | 0.023 * | ||||||
Li | 0.001 * | |||||||
Ln | 0.019 | |||||||
Mn | 0.072 | 0.006 | 0.045 | 0.01 | 0.004 * | 0.014 | ||
Mo | 0.128 * | 0.001 | 0.009 * | 0.002 * | ||||
Na | 0.693 | 0.001 * | 0.001 | 0.02 | ||||
Nb | 0.035 * | 0.021 | 0.000 * | |||||
Ni | 0.028 | 0.01 | ||||||
P | 0.028 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.01 | ||||
Pb | 0.190 * | 0.004 | 0.000 * | 0.013 * | 0.023 * | 0.043 * | ||
Rb | 0.21 * | 0.001 * | 0.012 * | 0.034 * | ||||
S | 0.002 * | 0.000 | ||||||
Sb | 0.000 | 0.045 * | ||||||
Sn | 0.024 | 0.003 * | 0.029 * | |||||
Sr | 0.041 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Th | 0.001 * | 0.012 * | ||||||
Ti | 0.000 | |||||||
Tl | 0.498 * | 0.029 | 0.002 * | 0.013 * | 0.036 * | |||
U | 0.837 * | 0.006 | 0.007 * | 0.023 * | ||||
V | 0.000 | 0.014 * | ||||||
W | 0.04 | 0.015 * | ||||||
Y | 0.018 | 0.008 * | ||||||
Zn | 0.021 * |
3.3. Phosphorus
3.4. Nickel
3.5. Niobium
3.6. Manganese
3.7. Sulfur
3.8. Other Elements
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Griffin, D.W.; Silvestri, E.E.; Bowling, C.Y.; Boe, T.; Smith, D.B.; Nichols, T.L. Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States. Geosciences 2014, 4, 114-127. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences4030114
Griffin DW, Silvestri EE, Bowling CY, Boe T, Smith DB, Nichols TL. Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States. Geosciences. 2014; 4(3):114-127. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences4030114
Chicago/Turabian StyleGriffin, Dale W., Erin E. Silvestri, Charlena Y. Bowling, Timothy Boe, David B. Smith, and Tonya L. Nichols. 2014. "Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States" Geosciences 4, no. 3: 114-127. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences4030114
APA StyleGriffin, D. W., Silvestri, E. E., Bowling, C. Y., Boe, T., Smith, D. B., & Nichols, T. L. (2014). Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States. Geosciences, 4(3), 114-127. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences4030114