Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Reasons for Removing Boars and Sows from the Breeding Herd
3. Marketing and Transport of Cull Sows and Boars in North America
4. Comparison of OIE Requirements with Other Cull Sow and Boar Welfare Guidelines
- Canadian Code of Practice [22];
- NAMI, A voluntary industry guideline published by the North American Meat Institute, which covers animal welfare during transport to the slaughter plant and all procedures inside the plant [18];
- UK and EU live transport: DEFRA [24] European regulations state that the veterinarian has a mandate to determine whether or not animals are fit to enter the food chain. If not, they have to be killed humanely;
- Common Swine Industry Audit [25]: This is a voluntary industry guideline published by the National Pork Board in the United States. It contains recommendations for conditions where euthanasia on the farm is recommended. These animals would not be fit for transport;
- UECBV [26] Practical Guidelines to assess fitness for transport of pigs. A European guide created by livestock industry, veterinary, and animal welfare groups. Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 On the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC Regulation (EC) No. 1255/97 [27];
- U.S. Transport Quality Assurance [28]. This guide has all the OIE fitness for transport guidance within it.
5. Discussion
5.1. Assessing Conditions that Make a Cull Sow or Boar Unfit for Transport
5.2. Objective Outcome Measures to Make Assessment of Fitness to Transport Easier
5.2.1. Assessing Lameness
5.2.2. Fitness for Transport: The Biggest Challenge!
6. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Grandin, T. Welfare of Pigs during Transport, Pork Information Gateway, the Pig Site. 2013. Available online: http://www.thepigsite.com (accessed on 14 July 2016).
- Johnson, A.K.; Gesing, L.M.; Ellis, M.; McGlone, J.J.; Berg, E. Farm and pig factors affecting welfare during the marketing process. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91, 2481–2491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fitzgerald, R.F.K.; Stalder, J.O.; Matthews, C.M.; Schultz-Kaster, C.M.; Johnson, A.K. Factors associated with fatigued, injured and dead pig frequency during transport and lairage at a commercial abattoir. J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 87, 1156–1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brandt, P.; Aaslyng, M.D. Welfare measurement of finishing pigs on the day of slaughter: A review. Meat Sci. 2015, 103, 13–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scheeren, M.B.; Gonyou, H.W.; Brown, J.; Weschenfelder, A.V.; Faucitano, L. Effects of truck transport time and location within the track on skin bruises and meat quality of market weight pigs in two seasons. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 94, 71–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Poultry and Grain Market News Division, National Daily Direct; Prior Day Sow and Boar Report; USDA: Des Moines, IA, USA, 2016.
- Fogsgaard, K.K.; Thodbery, K.; Herskin, M.S. Effects of transport and clinical condition of sows destined for slaughter. In Proceedings of the 50th Congress of International Society of Animal Ethology, Edinburgh, UK, 12–15 July 2016; p. 134.
- Hook, T.J.; Stookey, J.M.; Wagner, H. Rethinking boar transport. Can. Vet. J. 2010, 51, 315–322. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Transport of Animals by Land Terrestrial Animal Health Code; OIE: Paris, France, 2016; Chapter 7.3. [Google Scholar]
- D’Allaire, S.; Leman, A.D. Boar culling in swine breeding herds in Minnesota. Can. Vet. J. 1990, 31, 581–583. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Gjein, H.; Larssen, R.B. The effect of claw lesions and claw infections on lameness in loose housing of pregnant sows. Acta Vet. Scand. 1995, 36, 451–459. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Heinonen, M.; Peltoniemi, O.; Valros, A. Impact of lameness and claw lesions in sows on welfare health and production. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2013, 156, 2–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knauer, M.; Stalder, K.J.; Kamiker, L.; Baas, T.J.; Johnson, T.; Serenius, T.; Layman, J.D.; McLean, J.D. A descriptive survey of lesions from cull sows harvested at two Midwestern U.S. facilities. Prev. Vet. Med. 2007, 82, 198–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kokelsu, Y.; Sasaki, Y. Boar culling and mortality in commercial swine breeding herds. Theriogenology 2009, 71, 1186–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Y.; Lu, X.; Mo, D.; Chen, Q.; Chen, Y. Analysis of reasons for sow culling and seasonal effects on reproductive disorders in southern China. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2015, 159, 191–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baloyh, P.; Kapelankis, W.; Jankowiak, H.; Nagy, L.; Kovacs, S.; Husvar, L.; Popp, J.; Posta, J.; Soltesz, A. The productive lifetime of sows on two farms and reasons for culling. Ann. Anim. Sci. 2015, 15, 747–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGee, M.; Johnson, A.K.; O’Connor, M.; Tapper, K.R.; Millman, S.T. 019 An assessment of swine marketed through buying stations and development of fitness for transport guidelines. J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 94 (Suppl. 2), 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AMI Foundation. Recommended Animal Handling Guidelines and Audit Guide; North American Meat Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Grandinson, K.; Rydmer, L.; Standberg, E.; Scianes, F.X. Genetic analysis of body condition of the sow during lactation and its relation to piglet survival and growth. Anim. Sci. 2005, 80, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dejong, E.; Appeltant, R.; Cools, A.; Beck, J.; Boyer, F.; Chier, S.K.; Maes, D. Slaughter house examination of culled sows in a commercial pig herd. Livest. Sci. 2014, 167, 362–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parkau, L.N.; Whiting, T. Increased number of skin lesions as a measure of aggression following mixing of slaughter boars from western Canada assembled for export. Can. Vet. J. 2008, 49, 489–493. [Google Scholar]
- National Farm Animal Care Council. The Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Pigs; National Farm Animal Care Council: Lacombe, AB, Canada, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Grandin, T.; Brunning, J. Boar presence reduces fighting in mixed slaughter weight pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1992, 33, 273–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Live Transport Welfare Regulation, EU Regulations on the Welfare of Animals for Transport. 29 August 2013. Available online: http://www.gov.uk (accessed on 14 July 2016). [Google Scholar]
- National Pork Board. Common Swine Industry Audit; National Pork Board: Des Moines, IA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- European Livestock & Meat Trading Union (UECBV). European Livestock and Meat Trading Union Practical Guidelines to Assess Fitness for Transport of Pigs; VP(13)830:9; UECBV: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the Protection of Animals During Transport and A Related Operations and Amending Directives 64/432/EEC and Regulation (EC) No. 1255/97. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32005R0001 (accessed on 20 November 2016).
- TQA Certification, Transport Quality Assurance, National Pork Board. Available online: http://www.pork.org.tqa-certifiaiton (accessed on 14 July 2015).
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Slaughter of Animals, Terrestrial Animal Health Code; OIE: Paris, France, 2016; Chapter 7.5. [Google Scholar]
- American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals, 2013 ed.; American Veterinary Medical Association: Schaumberg, IL, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Grandin, T. Effect of animal welfare audits of slaughter plants by a major fast food company on cattle handling and stunning practices. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000, 216, 848–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grandin, T. Cattle vocalizations are associated with handling and equipment problems at beef slaughter plants. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2001, 71, 191–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grandin, T. Objective scoring of animal handling and stunning practices at slaughter plants. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1998, 212, 36–39. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Maria, G.A.; Villarruel, M.; Chacon, G.; Gebresenbet, G. Scoring system for evaluating the stress to cattle of commercial loading and unloading. Vet. Rec. 2004, 154, 818–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dokmanovic, M.; Velarde, A.; Tomovic, V.; Clamuclia, N.; Markovic, R.; Janjic, J.; Baltic, M.Z. The effects of lairage time and handling procedure prior to slaughter on stress and meat quality parameters in pigs. Meat Sci. 2014, 98, 220–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grandin, T. Maintenance of good animal welfare standards in beef slaughter by using auditing programs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2005, 226, 370–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nielsen, S.S.; Michelsen, A.M.; Jensen, H.E.; Barrington, K.; Opstrup, K.V.; Agger, J.L. The apparent prevalence of skin lesions suspected to be human inflicted in Danish finishing pigs at slaughter. Prev. Vet. Med. 2014, 117, 200–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Edwards, L.N.; Grandin, T.; Engle, T.E.; Porter, S.F.; Ritter, M.J. Use of exsanguination blood lactate to access the quality of preslaughter handling pig handling. Meat Sci. 2010, 86, 384–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brandt, P.; Rousing, T.; Herskin, M.S.; Aaslying, M.D. Identification of post mortem indicators of welfare of finishing pigs on the day of slaughter. Livest. Sci. 2013, 157, 535–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nalon, E.; Conte, S.; Maes, D.; Tuytens, F.A.M.; Devillers, N. Assessment of lameness and claw lesions in sows. Livest. Sci. 2013, 156, 10–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- D’Eath, E.B. Repeated locomotion scoring of a sow herd to measure lameness: Consistency over time, the effect of sow characteristics and interobserver reliability. Anim. Welf. 2012, 212, 219–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nalon, E.; Maes, S.; Van Dongen, S.; Van Riei, M.M.J.; Janssens, G.P.J.; Millet, S.; Tuyttens, F.A.M. Comparison of inter and intra observer repeatability of three gait scoring systems for sows. Livest. Sci. 2013, 156, 10–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whay, H.R.; Main, D.C.; Green, L.E.; Webster, A.J.F. Animal based measures for assessment of welfare of dairy cattle, pigs, and laying hens, Consensus of expert opinion. Anim. Welf. 2003, 12, 205–217. [Google Scholar]
- Nicholson, J.D.W.; Nicholson, K.L.; Frenzell, L.L.; Maddock, R.; Delmore, T.; Lawrence, E.; Henning, W.R.; Pringle, T.D.; Johnson, D.D.; Paschal, J.C.; et al. Survey of transportation procedures, management practices and health assessment related to quality, quantity and value for market beef and dairy cows and bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91, 5026–5038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grandin, T. Perspectives on transportation issues: The importance of having physically fit cattle and pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2000, 79 (Suppl. 1), E201–E207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S.; Faucitano, L.; Dadgar, S.; Shand, P.; Gonzales, L.A.; Crowe, T.G. Road transportation of cattle, swine, and poultry in North America and its impact on welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 2012, 92, 227–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grandin, T. Implementing effective standards and scoring systems for assessing animal welfare on farms and slaughter plants. In Improving Animal Welfare: A Practical Approach, 2nd ed.; Grandin, T., Ed.; CABI International: Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, 2015; pp. 49–68. [Google Scholar]
OIE World Organization for Animal Health Transport of Animals by Land Exact Wording on Unfit to Travel | Canadian Code of Practice for Pigs | NAMI 2 Animal Handling Guidelines | UK and EU Live Transport DEFRA | Common Swine Industry Audit Based on Recommendation for On-Farm Euthanasia | UECBV Practical Guidelines to Assess Fitness for Transport of Pigs | U.S. Transport Quality Assurance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Those that are sick, injured, weak or disabled | Non-ambulatory severe injury | Non-ambulatory deep cuts | Not included in the text | Non-ambulatory severe injury | Unable to stand up and remain up | Unable to walk, significant injury, OIE guideline in document |
2. | Those that are unable to stand unaided and bear weight on each leg | Fractures | Broken leg or unable to bear weight on two legs | Not included in the text | Difficulty walking | Not included in the text | Unable to walk Significant injury OIE guideline in document |
3. | Those that are blind in both eyes | No Guidelines Published for Pigs | OIE Guideline in document | ||||
4. | Those that cannot be moved without causing additional suffering | Uterine prolapse Multiple joint arthritis | Not included in the text | Same as OIE unless instructed by a Vet | untreated necrotic prolapse | Uterine prolapse severe injury | Significant injury OIE guideline in document |
5. | Newborn unhealed navel | Not Applicable for Sows and Boars | |||||
6. | Pregnant animals which would be in the final 10% of their gestation period at planned time unloading | No guideline | Not included in the text | Sows last 10% of pregnancy (12 days) | No Guideline | Sows last 10% of pregnancy | OIE guideline in document |
7. | Female traveling without young that had given birth within previous 48 h | No guideline | No guideline | Have given birth in the last week | No guideline | OIE guideline in document | |
8. | Those whose body condition would result in poor welfare because of expected climatic condition. (No explanation is included) | BCS 1 emaciated | BCS 1 emaciated | No guideline | BCS 1 emaciated | No guideline on BCS | OIE guideline in document No BCS score given |
© 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Grandin, T. Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport. Animals 2016, 6, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6120077
Grandin T. Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport. Animals. 2016; 6(12):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6120077
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrandin, Temple. 2016. "Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport" Animals 6, no. 12: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6120077
APA StyleGrandin, T. (2016). Transport Fitness of Cull Sows and Boars: A Comparison of Different Guidelines on Fitness for Transport. Animals, 6(12), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6120077