Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Animals and Housing Conditions
2.1.1. Brooder and Control Groups
2.1.2. The Four Brooder Treatments
2.1.3. Available Resources and Management
2.1.4. Ethical Note
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Behavioral Time Budget
2.2.2. Novel Object Test
2.2.3. Open-Field Test
2.2.4. Tonic Immobility Test
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Behavioral measurements (%) 1 | SF2 (Day) | SM2 (Day) | LF2 (Day) | LM2 (Day) | C2 (Day) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Resting | 82.0 ± 1.6 b | 81.8 ± 1.6 b | 79.3 ± 2.3 b | 79.0 ± 2.6 b | 84.0 ± 1.8 b | 88.1 ± 1.9 a | 80.2 ± 2.7 b | 76.1 ± 3.0 b | 83.4 ± 1.6 b | 83.4 ± 1.6 b | 76.2 ± 2.3 b | 73.9 ± 2.6 b | 84.0 ± 1.6 b | 83.3 ± 1.6 b | 78.3 ± 2.3 b | 75.0 ± 2.6 b | 71.3 ± 1.3 c | 64.6 ± 1.3 d | 65.5 ± 1.9 d | 64.6 ± 2.1 d |
Resting under the brooder | 73.7 ± 0.9 b | 77.0 ± 1.2 b | 75.9 ± 2.5 b | 76.6 ± 2.0 b | 75.4 ± 0.9 b | 84.3 ± 1.0 a | 76.4 ± 3.7 b | 73.7 ± 5.0 b | 74.2 ± 0.5 b | 78.9 ± 0.9 b | 73.9 ± 0.8 b | 71.6 ± 2.7 b | 77.4 ± 2.1 b | 77.6 ± 1.0 b | 74.8 ± 1.9 b | 70.6 ± 2.3 b | ||||
Resting outside the brooder | 8.3 ± 1.6 a | 4.7 ± 0.7 b | 3.3 ± 0.8 b | 2.4 ± 0.3 c | 8.6 ± 1.5 a | 3.8 ± 0.6 b | 3.8 ± 0.4 b | 2.4 ± 0.1 c | 9.1 ± 1.0 a | 4.4 ± 0.9 b | 2.3 ± 0.5 c | 2.3 ± 0.2 c | 6.5 ± 0.6 a | 5.6 ± 0.9 a | 3.6 ± 0.6 b | 4.5 ± 0.3 b | ||||
Feeding | 5.6 ± 0.3 c | 6.0 ± 1.0 c | 7.0 ± 1.6 c | 4.0 ± 0.7 d | 5.2 ± 0.4 c | 3.7 ± 0.3 d | 5.1 ± 0.6 c | 8.8 ± 2.6 b | 5.5 ± 0.5 c | 6.0 ± 0.5 c | 9.1 ± 0.6 b | 6.4 ± 1.1 c | 6.5 ± 0.9 c | 6.0 ± 0.5 c | 7.6 ± 1.7 c | 6.5 ± 0.9 c | 8.7 ± 0.5 b | 12.7 ± 1.1 a | 10.4 ± 1.4 b | 6.4 ± 0.8 c |
Comfort | 0.5 ± 0.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.2 c | 1.1 ± 0.2 b | 1.4 ± 0.2 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 c | 0.0 ± 0.1 c | 0.6 ± 0.1 c | 1.4 ± 0.1 b | 0.1 ± 0.2 c | 0.1 ± 0.2 c | 1.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.9 ± 0.2 b | 0.4 ± 0.3 c | 0.1 ± 0.3 c | 1.1 ± 0.3 b | 1.5 ± 0.3 b | 1.3 ± 0.5 b | 2.2 ± 0.5 b | 4.3 ± 0.5 a | 5.0 ± 0.5 a |
Drinking | 3.1 ± 0.3 b | 3.0 ± 0.4 b | 3.0 ± 0.4 b | 3.5 ± 0.4 b | 4.6 ± 0.3 a | |||||||||||||||
Locomotion | 6.1 ± 0.5 b | 5.5 ± 0.6 b | 5.8 ± 0.3 b | 4.8 ± 0.3 b | 9.7 ± 0.4 a | |||||||||||||||
Feather pecking | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.1 ± 0.4 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 b | 0.9 ± 0.1 a |
Behavioral measurements (%) 1 | SF2 (Day) | SM2 (Day) | LF2 (Day) | LM2 (Day) | C2 (Day) | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 | 16 | 23 | 30 | 42 | 9 | 16 | 23 | 30 | 42 | 9 | 16 | 23 | 30 | 42 | 9 | 16 | 23 | 30 | 42 | 9 | 16 | 23 | 30 | 42 | |
Resting | 69.6 ± 1.2 a | 55.9 ± 2.3 c | 49.6 ± 2.3 c | 48.9 ± 2.3 c | 36.1 ± 1.3 e | 73.9 ± 2.8 a | 58.4 ± 2.2 c | 50.7 ± 2.9 c | 43.7 ± 1.5 d | 38.6 ± 1.4 e | 64.8 ± 1.7 b | 53.2 ± 1.2 c | 46.7 ± 3.9 d | 44.8 ± 2.9 d | 37.4 ± 0.9 e | 64.9 ± 2.0 b | 58.1 ± 1.4 c | 53.2 ± 2.2 c | 45.9 ± 2.1 d | 40.4 ± 1.7 d | 62,9 ± 1.5 b | 46.7 ± 1.7 d | 42.0 ± 1.9 d | 41.9 ± 2.0 d | 38.1 ± 1.2 e |
Resting under the brooder | 61.5 ± 2.0 a | 41.3 ± 2.0 c | 35.6 ± 2.7 d | 33.3 ± 1.9 d | 65.6 ± 2.3 a | 42.2 ± 2.3 c | 37.4 ± 3.2 d | 28.5 ± 2.2 d | 56.3 ± 2.0 b | 41.4 ± 2.0 c | 37.7 ± 2.7 d | 32.0 ± 1.9 d | 56.3 ± 2.0 b | 41.4 ± 2.0 c | 37.7 ± 2.7 d | 32.0 ± 1.9 d | |||||||||
Resting outside the brooder | 8.1 ± 0.1 a | 12.5 ± 1.6 a | 14.0 ± 1.6 a | 15.5 ± 1.4 a | 7.4 ± 1.2 a | 16.1 ± 1.8 a | 13.3 ± 1.8 a | 15.1 ± 1.6 a | 8.6 ± 1.0 a | 12.5 ± 1.6 a | 12.7 ± 1.6 a | 16.0 ± 1.4 a | 8.6 ± 1.0 a | 16.7 ± 1.6 a | 15.5 ± 1.6 a | 13.9 ± 1.4 a | |||||||||
Resting on the brooder | 0.7 ± 0.4 c | 10.3 ± 1.9 b | 12.6 ± 0.8 b | 15.2 ± 1.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 c | 14.7 ± 2.3 a | 12.3 ± 0.1 b | 16.3 ± 2.2 a | 2.1 ± 1.5 c | 9.9 ± 0.8 b | 12.8 ± 0.6 b | 14.8 ± 1.7 a | 3.8 ± 2.6 c | 17.3 ± 0.8 a | 10.2 ± 0.9 b | 12.9 ± 2.2 b | |||||||||
Feeding | 5.8 ± 1.0 c | 9.1 ± 0.8 b | 11.9 ± 0.9 a | 11.8 ± 1.4 a | 12.2 ± 0.5 a | 5.0 ± 0.6 c | 11.3 ± 1.0 a | 13.6 ± 0.5 a | 11.9 ± 1.9 a | 14.9 ± 2.3 a | 8.0 ± 1.5 b | 9.5 ± 0.5 b | 13.2 ± 1.0 a | 15.4 ± 0.9 a | 13.6 ± 2.0 a | 5.5 ± 0.6 c | 10.2 ± 1.2 a | 14.3 ± 1.1 a | 12.2 ± 1.0 a | 12.1 ± 0.8 a | 6.3 ± 0.8 c | 11.7 ± 1.2 a | 14.3 ± 1.9 a | 10.8 ± 0.9 a | 9.2 ± 0.6 b |
Foraging | 10.4 ± 1.3 c | 11.2 ± 1.1 c | 12.3 ± 0.7 a | 12.9 ± 1.0 c | 18.6 ± 1.0 a | 6.6 ± 0.2 e | 10.3 ± 0.6 c | 12.6 ± 0.8 c | 12.2 ± 0.9 c | 15.9 ± 1.3 b | 8.3 ± 1.0 d | 14.4 ± 1.2 b | 12.9 ± 1.0 c | 13.1 ± 0.8 c | 14.6 ± 0.9 b | 9.8 ± 1.2 c | 11.8 ± 0.5 c | 10.0 ± 0.9 c | 16.0 ± 2.2 b | 14.9 ± 0.7 b | 8.6 ± 0.5 d | 10.6 ± 0.8 c | 10.9 ± 0.5 c | 11.4 ± 1.2 c | 9.7 ± 1.0 c |
Comfort | 1.8 ± 0.3 c | 2.9 ± 0.7 b | 4.7 ± 0.1 b | 4.4 ± 0.7 b | 7.4 ± 0.9 a | 1.5 ± 0.2 c | 2.2 ± 0.7 c | 3.8 ± 1.5 b | 6.0 ± 0.9 b | 5.9 ± 1.5 b | 1.5 ± 0.5 c | 2.7 ± 1.0 b | 3.0 ± 0.3 b | 5.2 ± 0.5 b | 7.6 ± 0.8 a | 1.8 ± 0.3 c | 2.3 ± 0.2 c | 3.1 ± 0.7 b | 4.4 ± 0.9 b | 7.0 ± 1.6 a | 3.4 ± 0.6 b | 3.6 ± 0.7 b | 3.8 ± 0.4 b | 4.4 ± 0.6 b | 3.8 ± 0.5 b |
Drinking | 2.7 ± 0.8 b | 3.1 ± 0.3 b | 3.6 ± 0.8 b | 4.2 ± 0.8 b | 5.8 ± 0.3 a | 1.9 ± 0.9 b | 2.4 ± 0.4 b | 4.6 ± 0.3 b | 5.9 ± 0.3 a | 3.5 ± 0.7 b | 2.8 ± 0.4 b | 3.1 ± 0.6 b | 4.1 ± 0.5 b | 3.6 ± 0.3 b | 4.2 ± 0.4 b | 2.9 ± 0.5 b | 2.6 ± 0.3 b | 3.5 ± 0.5 b | 4.1 ± 0.8 b | 4.1 ± 0.5 b | 2.8 ± 0.4 b | 3.3 ± 0.9 b | 3.3 ± 0.3 b | 2.8 ± 0.5 b | 3.7 ± 0.5 b |
Locomotion | 8.7 ± 0.6 e | 13.8 ± 1.5 d | 14.3 ± 2.0 d | 10.1 ± 1.0 d | 14.9 ± 1.1 d | 11.0 ± 1.5 d | 12.2 ± 1.7 d | 11.0 ± 0.8 d | 11.3 ± 0.8 d | 15.6 ± 1.2 d | 12.9 ± 2.8 d | 13.7 ± 0.3 d | 14.2 ± 2.1 d | 12.8 ± 0.8 d | 17.9 ± 0.9 c | 12.8 ± 1.5 d | 12.7 ± 0.3 d | 12.1 ± 1.0 d | 11.2 ± 0.9 d | 15.2 ± 1.4 d | 13.2 ± 1.1 d | 18.7 ± 1.2 c | 19.1 ± 1.2 c | 23.2 ± 1.3 b | 27.9 ± 0.9 a |
Feather pecking | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 1.6 ± 0.2 b | 1.2 ± 0.6 b | 1.5 ± 0.6 b | 1.0 ± 0.5 b | 0.1 ± 0.1 c | 1.3 ± 0.6 b | 0.9 ± 0.4 b | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 1.4 ± 0.6 b | 0.0 ± 0.1 c | 0.7 ± 0.3 b | 1.1 ± 0.3 b | 0.9 ± 0.7 b | 1.4 ± 0.8 b | 0.0 ± 0.1 c | 0.6 ± 0.2 b | 0.7 ± 0.4 b | 0.7 ± 0.2 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.6 a | 3.2 ± 0.8 a | 2.5 ± 0.7 a | 2.5 ± 0.3 a |
Fleeing | 0.1 ± 0.2 c | 0.7 ± 0.2 c | 0.3 ± 0.2 c | 0.2 ± 0.2 c | 0.3 ± 0.2 c | 0.1 ± 0.2 c | 0.8 ± 0.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.2 c | 0.3 ± 0.2 c | 0.6 ± 0.2 c | 0.2 ± 0.3 c | 0.5 ± 0.3 c | 0.3 ± 0.3 c | 0.6 ± 0.3 c | 0.5 ± 0.3 c | 0.4 ± 0.2 c | 0.8 ± 0.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.2 c | 0.3 ± 0.2 c | 0.4 ± 0.2 c | 0.8 ± 0.4 c | 1.6 ± 0.4 b | 2.1 ± 0.4 b | 1.7 ± 0.4 b | 3.5 ± 0.4 a |
Exploration | 0.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.5 ± 0.4 b | 1.9 ± 0.5 b | 5.1 ± 0.5 a | 2.5 ± 0.9 b | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 0.9 ± 0.5 b | 2.5 ± 0.6 b | 7.4 ± 1.6 a | 3.5 ± 0.7 a | 1.0 ± 0.4 b | 1.7 ± 0.4 b | 3.9 ± 1.3 a | 3.1 ± 1.1 a | 2.1 ± 0.7 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 b | 0.6 ± 0.1 c | 2.3 ± 0.6 b | 4.5 ± 1.0 a | 3.9 ± 0.8 a | 0.6 ± 0.3 b | 0.8 ± 0.3 b | 0.7 ± 0.3 b | 0.8 ± 0.2 b | 1.3 ± 0.4 b |
Dustbathing | 0.0 ± 0.2 b | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.7 ± 0.2 a | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.3 ± 0.2 b | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.2 b | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.3 ± 0.2 b | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.2 ± 0.2 b | 0.6 ± 0.2 a | 0.7 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 b |
Behavioral measurements 1 | SF2 (Days) | SM2 (Days) | LF2 (Days) | LM2 (Days) | C2 (Days) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 | 96 | 181 | 26 | 96 | 181 | 26 | 96 | 181 | 26 | 96 | 181 | 26 | 96 | 181 | |
Inductions (n) | 2.4 ± 0.2 a | 2.6 ± 0.2 a | 2.3 ± 0.2 a | 2.6 ± 0.2 a | 2.6 ± 0.2 a | 1.5 ± 0.2 b | 2.7 ± 0.2 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 2.6 ± 0.2 a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 2.1 ± 0.2 a | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | 1.9 ± 0.1 b |
Latency to first head movement (s) | 69.1 ± 10.0 a | 57.0 ± 10.9 a | 49.3 ± 6.4 a | 80.7 ± 11.4 a | 116.0 ± 10.8 b | ||||||||||
TI duration (s) | 105.3 ± 13.2 a | 93.2 ± 12.5 a | 76.6 ± 10.1 a | 112.6 ± 13.0 a | 154.9 ± 12.5 b |
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Dark Brooders on Time Budget: Control vs. Brooder Chicks
4.1.1. Phase I
4.1.2. Phase II
4.2. Effects of Dark Brooders on Time Budget: Differences between the Brooder Treatments
4.3. Effect of Brooders on Fearfulness: Control vs. Brooder Birds
4.4. Effect of Brooders on Fearfulness: Differences between Brooder Treatments
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Riber, A.B.; Guzman, D.A. Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers. Animals 2016, 6, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6010003
Riber AB, Guzman DA. Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers. Animals. 2016; 6(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiber, Anja B., and Diego A. Guzman. 2016. "Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers" Animals 6, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6010003
APA StyleRiber, A. B., & Guzman, D. A. (2016). Effects of Dark Brooders on Behavior and Fearfulness in Layers. Animals, 6(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6010003