Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. General Procedures for Both Experiments
2.1.1. Animals, Farms, and Handling
2.1.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
2.1.3. Transport Trailers and Density
2.1.4. Temperature Humidity Index
2.2. Experiment 1: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs During WARM and HOT Weather on Pig Measures and Bedding Moisture at Unloading
2.2.1. Pig Measures
2.2.2. Bedding Moisture
2.2.3. Transport Events
2.2.4. Bedding Level
2.3. Experiment 2: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers on Market Weight Pig Transport Losses During WARM and HOT Weather
Transport Losses at the Plant
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Experiment 1: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs During WARM and HOT Weather on Pig Measures and Bedding Moisture at Unloading
2.4.2. Experiment 2: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers on Market Weight Pig Transport Losses During WARM and HOT Weather
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experiment 1: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs During WARM and HOT Weather on Pig Measures and Bedding Moisture at Unloading
3.1.1. Sprinkling
Sprinkling treatment | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WARM weather, measure | Control | Pigs only | Bedding only | Bedding and pigs | p-value | R2 |
n = 24 | n = 13 | n = 7 | n = 7 | |||
Surface temperature, ° C | 32.2 ± 0.5 | 32.7 ± 0.4 | 33.1 ± 0.6 | 32.3 ± 0.6 | 0.18 | 0.41 |
Vocalizations, % of pigs counted | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 1.9 | 0.65 | 0.04 |
Slips and falls, % of pigs counted | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.61 | 0.10 |
Stress signs, % of pigs counted | 0.6 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.4 a,b | 1.5 ± 0.6 a,b | 2.6 ± 0.6 b | 0.03 | 0.03 |
HOT weather | n = 0 | n = 41 | n = 18 | n = 27 | ||
Surface temperature, ° C | . | 35.3 ± 0.3 | 34.8 ± 0.3 | 34.9 ± 0.3 | 0.19 | 0.37 |
Vocalizations, % of pigs counted | . | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.63 | 0.01 |
Slips and falls, % of pigs counted | . | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.51 | 0.05 |
Stress signs, % of pigs counted | . | 7.2 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 5.7 ± 1.4 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
3.1.2. Bedding Moisture
Sprinkling treatment | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Bedding only | Pigs only | Bedding and pigs | |||||
Bedding moisture (%) | ||||||||
Loads | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
0 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 3.7 | . | 7.6 | 5.3 | 4.5 | . |
1 | 63.3 | 6.2 | 68.8 | 8.2 | 62.5 | 15.2 | 70.6 | 8.7 |
2 | 63.2 | 5.4 | 65.4 | 5.2 | 63.6 | 11 | 73.1 | 9.4 |
3 | 62.5 | 4.2 | 59.4 | 6.4 | 70.1 | 9.4 | 62.8 | 8.3 |
≥4 | 60.6 | 2 | 61.7 | 7.3 | 70.7 | 5 | 68.4 | 5.3 |
3.1.3. Transport Events
WARM weather; Event, min | Mean | SD 4 | Min 5 | Max 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Loading | 32 | 12 | 14 | 65 |
Wait time at farm | 7 | 6 | 2 | 42 |
Transport | 156 | 43 | 63 | 280 |
Wait time at plant | 15 | 13 | 1 | 50 |
Unloading | 15 | 6 | 5 | 36 |
Total time | 230 | 52 | 126 | 390 |
HOT weather | ||||
Loading | 28 | 11 | 13 | 65 |
Wait time at farm | 9 | 4 | 1 | 19 |
Transport | 168 | 41 | 48 | 255 |
Wait time at plant | 24 | 15 | 5 | 65 |
Unloading | 24 | 15 | 5 | 65 |
Total time | 238 | 62 | 56 | 369 |
3.1.4. Temperature Humidity Index
3.1.5. Density
3.1.6. Bedding Level
WARM weather; measures | Bedding level | p-value | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 4 | |||
n = 41 | n = 10 | |||
Surface temperature, °C | 32.3 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 0.6 | 0.12 | 0.41 |
Vocalizations, % of pigs counted | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 0.59 | 0.04 |
Slips and falls, % of pigs counted | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.72 | 0.10 |
Stress signs, % of pigs counted | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.42 | 0.03 |
HOT weather | n = 67 | n = 19 | ||
Surface temperature, °C | 34.7 ± 0.2 | 35.3 ± 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.37 |
Vocalizations, % of pigs counted | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 0.56 | 0.01 |
Slips and falls, % of pigs counted | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.77 | 0.05 |
Stress signs, % of pigs counted | 5.1 ± 1.3 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 0.03 | 0.31 |
3.2. Experiment 2: Effects of Sprinkling Inside Trailers on Market Weight Pig Transport Losses During WARM and HOT Weather
3.2.1. Sprinkling
WARM weather; transport losses, pigs/trailer | Sprinkling Treatment | p-value | R2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Pigs only | Bedding only | Pigs and bedding | |||
n = 48 | n = 11 | n = 15 | n = 8 | |||
Non-ambulatory | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Dead | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.01 |
Total transport losses | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.15 | 0.13 ± 0.10 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
HOT weather | n = 0 | n = 31 | n = 9 | n = 14 | ||
Non-ambulatory | . | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
Dead | . | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.21 ± 0.14 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
Total transport losses | . | 0.45 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.35 |
3.2.2. Temperature Humidity Index
3.2.3. Density
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Kephart, R.; Johnson, A.; Sapkota, A.; Stalder, K.; McGlone, J. Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather. Animals 2014, 4, 164-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4020164
Kephart R, Johnson A, Sapkota A, Stalder K, McGlone J. Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather. Animals. 2014; 4(2):164-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4020164
Chicago/Turabian StyleKephart, Rebecca, Anna Johnson, Avi Sapkota, Kenneth Stalder, and John McGlone. 2014. "Establishing Sprinkling Requirements on Trailers Transporting Market Weight Pigs in Warm and Hot Weather" Animals 4, no. 2: 164-183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4020164