Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study
Abstract
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behavior | Behavior Description | Category |
---|---|---|
Play | Individual interacts with the environment or with another animal in a relaxed way. | P+ |
Non-agonistic social interaction | Individual shows non-agonistic behavior and seeks contact with another animal such as licking or grooming. | P+ |
Attempting to reach the OE | Individual tries to reach the OE with its paw through the cage. | P+ |
Self-maintenance | Individual bites or licks, slowly and calmly, parts of its own body. | P+ |
Sniffing | Individual moves its nostrils, pointing towards objects or regions of the enclosure. | P+ |
Sniff or point OE | Animal points its snout in the direction where the OE is or was placed. | P+ |
Agonistic behavior | Individual shows signs of aggression such as growls, baring of teeth, scratching, or biting another animal. | N− |
Biting the cage | Individual bites or pulls the cage with its teeth. | N− |
Yawning | To open the mouth with an apparently deep inhalation and sighing or heavy exhalation; usually the individual shows his teeth, closes his eyes, and extends his neck forward. This whole procedure takes one to three seconds, approximately. | N− |
Scratching itself | Individual rubs one leg or its mouth vigorously on its skin or hair. | N− |
Stereotypy | Individual performs repeated movements more than three times for no apparent reason. | N− |
Climbing the railing or wall | Individual stands up and supports its front limbs on the railings or walls of the enclosure. | N− |
Sneeze | Self-defined behavior. | N− |
Others | This is any activity not listed in the behaviors described as P+ or N− | Ot |
Out of sight | Focal animal is out of sight for the observer. | Ot |
Bahavioral Category | OS | Mean ± Standard Error (s) | Z Value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
P+ | Basal | 0.65 ± 0.65 | −1.83 | 0.07 * |
Exp | 3.51 ± 1.88 | |||
N− | Basal | 0.15 ± 0.15 | −1.00 | 0.32 |
Exp | 0.00 | |||
Ot | Basal | 299.21 ±0.80 | −0.94 | 0.35 |
Exp | 296.50 ± 1.87 | |||
P+ | Basal | 0.65 ±0.65 | −1.00 | 0.31 |
Pos | 0.00 | |||
N− | Basal | 0.15 ±0.15 | −1.34 | 0.18 |
Pos | 0.41 ± 0.28 | |||
Ot | Basal | 299.21 ± 0.80 | -0.11 | 0.92 |
Pos | 299.60 ± 0.28 |
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Figueira, M.d.P.; Silva, I.d.O.e.; Boere, V. Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study. Animals 2023, 13, 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091530
Figueira MdP, Silva IdOe, Boere V. Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study. Animals. 2023; 13(9):1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091530
Chicago/Turabian StyleFigueira, Milene de Paula, Ita de Oliveira e Silva, and Vanner Boere. 2023. "Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study" Animals 13, no. 9: 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091530
APA StyleFigueira, M. d. P., Silva, I. d. O. e., & Boere, V. (2023). Olfactory Enrichment in Hoary Foxes (Lycalopex vetulus LUND 1842): A Case Study. Animals, 13(9), 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091530