Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cows and Diets
2.2. Experiment Design
2.3. Feed and Feed Analysis
2.4. Milk Production and Composition
2.5. Physiology
2.6. Blood
2.7. Calculations and Statistical Analyses
- Tdb = hourly dry bulb temperature (°C);
- Tdp = dew point temperature (°C);
- RH = relative humidity (%);
- b = [log10(RH/100.0) + (17.27 × Tdb)/(237.3 + Tdb)]/17.27;
- Tdp = (237.3 × b)/(1.0 − b).
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Heat Challenge
3.2. Challenge Completion
3.3. Dry Matter Intake
3.4. Milk Yield
3.5. Body Temperature
3.6. Respiration Rate and Skin Temperature
3.7. Blood Analytes
4. Discussion
4.1. Forage Type
4.2. Forage Amount
4.3. Heat Challenge
4.4. Blood Biochemistry
4.5. Feed Presentation
4.6. Heat Stress Risk Assessment under Experiment Conditions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Grain Mix 1 | Chicory | Pasture Silage |
---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (g/kg as fed) | 878 | 99 | 350 |
Crude protein | 143 | 201 | 157 |
Soluble protein (% CP) | 13.9 | 15.7 | 14.7 |
Acid detergent fiber | 42 | 289 | 344 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 93 | 338 | 479 |
Lignin | 11 | 106 | 30 |
Non fiber carbohydrate | 670 | 274 | 197 |
Starch | 551 | 10 | 11 |
Ash | 66 | 139 | 115 |
Total digestible nutrients | 822 | 577 | 652 |
Calcium | 15 | 16 | 6.3 |
Magnesium | 7.4 | 5.4 | 2.0 |
Sodium | 1.0 | 9.0 | 4.2 |
Potassium | 4.7 | 33 | 35 |
Chloride | 2.8 | 18 | 12 |
DCAD (meq./100 g DM) | −3.8 | 44 | 55 |
Copper (mg/kg DM) | 86 | 8.8 | 13 |
Sulfur | 1.9 | 4.8 | 3.1 |
Crude fat | 29 | 48 | 52 |
ME 2 (MJ/kg DM) | 13.9 | 10.1 | 9.2 |
Cohort | Chamber 1 | Chamber 2 | Chamber 3 | Chamber 4 | Chamber 5 | Chamber 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CH-L | PS-H | CH-H | PS-L | CH-H | PS-L |
2 | CH-L | PS-L | PS-H | CH-H | CH-H | PS-H |
3 | PS-L | CH-H | PS-H | PS-H | PS-L | CH-L |
4 | CH-H | CH-L | PS-L | CH-H | CH-L | PS-H |
5 | PS-H | PS-L | CH-L | CH-L | PS-H | CH-H |
Panting Score 1 | Risk Rating | Respiratory Rate 2 | Risk Rating | Rectal Temperature 3 | Risk Rating | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 to 2.5 | 0 | ≤120 | 0 | ≤40.9 | 0 | ||||
3 | 1.5 | 121 to 159 | 1 | 41.0 to 41.5 | 1 | ||||
3.5 | 2 | ≥160 | 2 | 41.6 to 41.9 | 2 | ||||
4 | 3 | Variable | 3 | ≥42 | 3 | ||||
4.5 | 4 | ||||||||
PS risk | + | RR risk | + | RT risk | = | HSRT 4 |
Item | Period | SED 1 | Contrast p-Value 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P | H | R | P-H | H-R | P-R | P-H | H-R | P-R | |
n | 27 | 27 | 27 | ||||||
Total DMI | 15.2 | 14.5 | 15.6 | 0.702 | 0.389 | 0.602 | 0.296 | 0.035 | 0.566 |
Milk yield | 20.0 | 20.1 | 18.7 | 0.412 | 0.335 | 0.466 | 0.598 | 0.013 | 0.064 |
ECM yield 3 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 18.0 | 0.690 | 0.336 | 0.663 | 0.956 | 0.015 | 0.115 |
Milk fat | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.041 | 0.016 | 0.039 | 0.864 | 0.013 | 0.194 |
Milk protein | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.277 | 0.105 | 0.078 |
Milk lactose | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.029 | 0.422 | 0.003 | 0.045 |
Vaginal temperature | 38.7 | 39.1 | 38.8 | 0.026 | 0.050 | 0.025 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.120 |
Respiration rate | 32.3 | 78.5 | 44.9 | 3.188 | 4.190 | 2.189 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
Main Effect 1 | Treatment Means 2 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Amount | SEDm 3 | p Value | |||||||||||
CH | PS | High | Low | Feed | Amount | Feed | Amount | Feed × Amount | CH-H 4 | CH-L | PS-H | PS-L | SEDt 5 | |
n | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
10-day mean 6 | ||||||||||||||
Total DMI | 15.4 | 15.2 | 16.5 | 14.1 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.558 | <0.001 | 0.246 | 16.9 b | 14.0 a | 16.1 b | 14.2 a | 0.58 |
CP | 2.80 | 2.29 | 2.76 | 2.33 | 0.069 | 0.066 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.080 | 3.08 c | 2.52 b | 2.44 b | 2.13 a | 0.095 |
NDF | 4.05 | 5.43 | 5.23 | 4.25 | 0.163 | 0.155 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.780 | 4.52 b | 3.58 a | 5.94 c | 4.92 b | 0.225 |
NFC | 6.20 | 5.33 | 6.01 | 5.52 | 0.135 | 0.129 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.074 | 6.58 c | 5.83 b | 5.45 ab | 5.21 a | 0.187 |
Starch | 2.80 | 2.77 | 2.79 | 2.78 | 0.021 | 0.020 | 0.188 | 0.597 | 0.626 | 2.81 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.77 | 0.030 |
Fat | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.757 | <0.001 | 0.660 | 0.72 b | 0.58 a | 0.72 b | 0.59 a | 0.028 |
MEI (MJ/d) | 175 | 162 | 179 | 159 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 0.020 | <0.001 | 0.149 | 190 b | 161 a | 169 a | 156 a | 6.9 |
Pre-challenge | ||||||||||||||
DMI | 15.4 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 14.0 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.375 | <0.001 | 0.510 | 16.8 b | 14.1 a | 16.1 b | 14.0 a | 0.51 |
MEI | 176 | 163 | 179 | 159 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.416 | 188 c | 163 ab | 171 b | 154 a | 6.8 |
Heat challenge | ||||||||||||||
DMI | 14.2 | 14.7 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.420 | 0.008 | 0.420 | 15.4 b | 12.9 a | 15.4 b | 14.0 ab | 0.96 |
MEI | 163 | 158 | 169 | 152 | 72 | 6.9 | 0.489 | 0.021 | 0.253 | 176 b | 150 a | 162 ab | 154 a | 10.0 |
Pre challenge to heat | ||||||||||||||
ΔDMI 7 | −1.3 | −0.3 | −1.0 | −0.6 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.186 | 0.518 | 0.632 | −1.3 | −1.2 | −0.7 | 0.1 | 0.92 |
ΔMEI | −12.4 | −4.5 | −10.3 | −6.6 | 6.44 | 6.15 | 0.259 | 0.574 | 0.498 | −12.0 | −12.7 | −8.5 | −0.4 | 8.90 |
Initial recovery | ||||||||||||||
ΔDMI 8 | 1.0 | −0.4 | 0.8 | −0.2 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.022 | 0.086 | 0.017 | 2.4 b | −0.3 a | −0.7 a | −0.1 a | 0.87 |
ΔMEI | 9.4 | −3.6 | 8.2 | −2.5 | 5.97 | 5.69 | 0.031 | 0.057 | 0.013 | 22.8 b | −4.1 a | −6.3 a | −1.0 a | 8.24 |
Main Effect 1 | Treatment Means 2 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Amount | SEDm 3 | p Value | |||||||||||
CH | PS | High | Low | Feed | Amount | Feed | Amount | Feed × Amount | CH-H 4 | CH-L | PS-H | PS-L | SEDt 5 | |
n | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
10-day mean 6 | ||||||||||||||
Milk yield | 21.9 | 17.2 | 20.5 | 18.7 | 0.55 | 0.53 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 23.7 c | 20 b | 17.2 a | 17.3 a | 0.76 |
ECM yield 7 | 20.7 | 17.1 | 20.0 | 17.9 | 0.29 | 0.28 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 22.6 c | 18.9 b | 17.3 a | 16.9 a | 0.41 |
Fat yield | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.035 | 0.85 b | 0.72 a | 0.73 a | 0.71 a | 0.033 |
Protein yield | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 0.022 | 0.022 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.78 c | 0.63 b | 0.52 a | 0.48 a | 0.031 |
Fat concentration | 36 | 43 | 39 | 39 | 1.5 | 1.6 | <0.001 | 0.916 | 0.363 | 35 a | 36 a | 43 b | 42 b | 2.2 |
Protein concentration | 32 | 29 | 32 | 30 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.001 | 0.055 | 0.353 | 33 c | 32 bc | 31 ab | 28 a | 1.0 |
Pre-challenge | ||||||||||||||
Milk yield | 21.8 | 18.1 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 0.002 | 0.925 | 0.038 | 22.9 c | 20.7 bc | 16.8 a | 19.3 ab | 1.49 |
ECM yield | 20.7 | 18.1 | 19.3 | 19.5 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 0.021 | 0.849 | 0.099 | 21.5 b | 19.9 ab | 17.0 a | 19.2 ab | 1.52 |
Fat yield | 0.78 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.060 | 0.057 | 0.761 | 0.554 | 0.397 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.083 |
Protein yield | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.037 | 0.036 | <0.001 | 0.356 | 0.101 | 0.76 b | 0.66 b | 0.52 a | 0.55 a | 0.051 |
Fat concentration | 35 | 43 | 39 | 40 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.003 | 0.516 | 0.254 | 34 a | 38 ab | 44 b | 43 b | 3.1 |
Protein concentration | 33 | 30 | 32 | 30 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.017 | 0.062 | 0.270 | 33 b | 32 b | 31 b | 29 a | 1.3 |
Heat challenge | ||||||||||||||
Milk yield | 22.7 | 17.4 | 21.2 | 19.0 | 0.75 | 0.73 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 24.9 c | 20.6 b | 17.5 a | 17.3 a | 1.05 |
ECM yield | 21.6 | 17.1 | 20.7 | 18.0 | 0.58 | 0.56 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 24.2 c | 19 b | 17.2 a | 17.0 a | 0.80 |
Fat yield | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.93 b | 0.72 a | 0.72 a | 0.74 a | 0.046 |
Protein yield | 0.72 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.027 | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.057 | 0.8 c | 0.63 b | 0.51 a | 0.46 a | 0.038 |
Fat concentration | 36 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.001 | 0.701 | 0.454 | 37 a | 35 a | 42 b | 43 b | 2.2 |
Protein concentration | 31 | 28 | 31 | 29 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.004 | 0.025 | 0.220 | 32 b | 31 b | 30 b | 27 a | 1.2 |
Pre challenge to heat | ||||||||||||||
∆Milk yield 8 | 1.0 | −0.7 | 1.3 | −1.1 | 1.08 | 1.05 | 0.165 | 0.035 | 0.754 | 1.98 b | −0.08 ab | 0.68 ab | −2.05 a | 1.497 |
∆ECM yield | 0.9 | −1.0 | 1.4 | −1.5 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 0.180 | 0.026 | 0.659 | 2.61 b | −0.85 ab | 0.22 ab | −2.12 a | 1.737 |
∆Fat yield | 0.05 | −0.04 | 0.07 | −0.06 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.184 | 0.035 | 0.318 | 0.15 b | −0.05 a | −0.01 ab | −0.07 a | 0.088 |
∆Protein yield | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.034 | 0.033 | 0.214 | 0.032 | 0.794 | 0.04 b | −0.03 ab | 0.00 ab | −0.09 a | 0.047 |
∆Fat concentration | 0.5 | −0.8 | 0.9 | −1.2 | 1.82 | 1.86 | 0.413 | 0.278 | 0.055 | 3.4 b | −2.3 a | −1.7 ab | 0.0 ab | 2.60 |
∆Protein concentration | −1.2 | −1.7 | −1.3 | −1.6 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.148 | 0.345 | 0.838 | −1.1 | −1.3 | −1.5 | −1.9 | 0.44 |
Initial recovery | ||||||||||||||
∆Milk yield 9 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.212 | 0.746 | 0.120 | 1.5 | 0.87 | 0.1 | 1.11 | 0.71 |
∆ECM yield | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.471 | 0.400 | 0.081 | 1.4 | 0.7 | −0.28 | 1.55 | 0.931 |
∆Fat yield | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.044 | 0.040 | 0.929 | 0.268 | 0.143 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.061 |
∆Protein yield | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.046 | 0.671 | 0.100 | 0.08 b | 0.06 ab | 0.03 a | 0.06 ab | 0.020 |
∆Fat concentration | −1.1 | −0.4 | −1.4 | −0.0 | 2.39 | 2.43 | 0.842 | 0.566 | 0.393 | −0.8 | −1.4 | −2.1 | 1.4 | 3.39 |
∆Protein concentration | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.910 | 0.522 | 0.948 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.48 |
Main Effect 1 | Treatment Means 2 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Amount | SEDm 3 | p Value | |||||||||||
CH | PS | High | Low | Feed | Amount | Feed | Amount | Feed × Amount | CH-H 4 | CH-L | PS-H | PS-L | SEDt 5 | |
n | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
10-day mean 6 | ||||||||||||||
Mean VT | 38.8 | 38.9 | 38.8 | 38.8 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.022 | 0.306 | 0.994 | 38.8 ab | 38.8 a | 38.9 b | 38.8 ab | 0.05 |
Maximum VT | 39.4 | 39.6 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.024 | 0.718 | 0.626 | 39.4 a | 39.5 ab | 39.6 b | 39.5 ab | 0.07 |
Duration > 38.8 °C | 569 | 687 | 646 | 609 | 67.1 | 61.9 | 0.095 | 0.556 | 0.832 | 580 | 557 | 712 | 661 | 90.8 |
Pre-challenge | ||||||||||||||
Mean | 38.6 | 38.8 | 38.7 | 38.7 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.825 | 0.850 | 38.6 a | 38.6 a | 38.8 b | 38.8 b | 0.06 |
Maximum | 39.2 | 39.3 | 39.2 | 39.3 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.317 | 0.045 | 39.1 a | 39.2 b | 39.4 b | 39.3 b | 0.07 |
Duration > 38.8 °C | 312 | 634 | 468 | 478 | 99.7 | 91.9 | 0.005 | 0.915 | 0.974 | 306 a | 319 a | 631 b | 637 b | 134.8 |
Heat challenge | ||||||||||||||
Mean | 39.1 | 39.3 | 39.3 | 39.1 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.048 | 0.059 | 0.705 | 39.1 ab | 39 a | 39.4 b | 39.1 ab | 0.14 |
Maximum | 39.8 | 40.1 | 40.1 | 39.7 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.059 | 0.011 | 0.972 | 40.0 ab | 39.6 a | 40.3 b | 39.9 ab | 0.20 |
Duration > 38.8 °C | 914 | 1233 | 1128 | 1020 | 110 | 101 | 0.010 | 0.303 | 0.954 | 965 a | 863 a | 1290 b | 1176 ab | 148.7 |
Pre challenge to heat | ||||||||||||||
ΔMean 7 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 0.099 | 0.094 | 0.608 | 0.069 | 0.763 | 0.49 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.36 | 0.138 |
ΔMaximum | 0.63 | 0.73 | 0.90 | 0.46 | 0.148 | 0.141 | 0.448 | 0.006 | 0.428 | 0.91 b | 0.35 a | 0.89 b | 0.58 ab | 0.207 |
ΔDuration > 38.8 °C | 602 | 599 | 660 | 542 | 115 | 106 | 0.984 | 0.282 | 0.978 | 659 | 544 | 660 | 539 | 155.1 |
Initial recovery | ||||||||||||||
ΔMean 8 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 0.183 | 0.961 | 0.12 ab | 0.06 a | 0.19 b | 0.14 ab | 0.056 |
ΔMaximum | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.075 | 0.071 | 0.382 | 0.170 | 0.046 | 0.27 b | 0.01 a | 0.18 ab | 0.25 b | 0.104 |
ΔDuration > 38.8 °C | 126 | 194 | 150 | 170 | 114 | 105 | 0.566 | 0.853 | 0.895 | 123 | 129 | 176 | 211 | 154.1 |
Main Effect 1 | Treatment Means 2 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Amount | SEDm 3 | p Value | |||||||||||
CH | PS | High | Low | Feed | Amount | Feed | Amount | Feed × Amount | CH-H 4 | CH-L | PS-H | PS-L | SEDt 5 | |
n | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
Pre-challenge | ||||||||||||||
Respiration rate | 35 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 0.063 | 0.812 | 0.972 | 35 | 35 | 29 | 30 | 3.6 |
Left flank | 30.7 | 31.3 | 31.1 | 30.9 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.092 | 0.605 | 0.936 | 30.8 | 30.6 | 31.4 | 31.2 | 0.50 |
Neck | 30.0 | 30.3 | 30.4 | 29.9 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.134 | 0.106 | 0.055 | 29.9 a | 30.0 a | 31.0 b | 29.7 a | 0.44 |
Leg upper | 28.1 | 28.3 | 28.7 | 27.6 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.086 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 28.2 b | 27.9 ab | 29.2 c | 27.3 a | 0.32 |
Leg lower | 26.8 | 27.4 | 27.8 | 26.4 | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.178 | 0.014 | 0.740 | 27.6 b | 26.1 a | 28.0 b | 26.8 ab | 0.70 |
Heat challenge | ||||||||||||||
Respiration rate | 85 | 72 | 87 | 70 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 0.117 | 0.035 | 0.776 | 92 b | 78 ab | 81 ab | 63 a | 10.2 |
Left flank | 34.8 | 35.0 | 35.2 | 34.6 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.411 | 0.015 | 0.443 | 35.2 b | 34.4 a | 35.2 b | 34.8 ab | 0.35 |
Neck | 34.9 | 34.8 | 35.2 | 34.5 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.633 | 0.008 | 0.607 | 35.4 b | 34.5 a | 35.1 ab | 34.5 a | 0.38 |
Leg upper | 33.2 | 33.5 | 33.8 | 33.0 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.097 | 0.001 | 0.938 | 33.6 bc | 32.9 a | 33.9 c | 33.2 ab | 0.27 |
Leg lower | 33.5 | 33.8 | 34.0 | 33.2 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.265 | 0.001 | 0.553 | 34 bc | 33 a | 34.1 c | 33.4 ab | 0.31 |
Main Effect 1 | Treatment Means 2 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | Amount | SEDm 3 | p Value | |||||||||||
CH | PS | High | Low | Feed | Amount | Feed | Amount | Feed × Amount | CH-H 4 | CH-L | PS-H | PS-L | SEDt 5 | |
n | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | ||||||
Pre-challenge | ||||||||||||||
pH | 7.41 | 7.44 | 7.45 | 7.40 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.173 | 0.069 | 0.519 | 7.43 ab | 7.40 a | 7.47 b | 7.41 ab | 0.032 |
BHB | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.061 | 0.060 | 0.292 | 0.684 | 0.456 | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.086 |
NEFA | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.160 | 0.280 | 0.541 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.022 |
Glucose | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.062 | 0.328 | 0.721 | 3.1 ab | 3.0 a | 3.3 ab | 3.2 b | 0.15 |
Haptoglobin | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.301 | 0.968 | 0.435 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.012 |
Na | 139 | 139 | 140 | 139 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.619 | 0.358 | 0.882 | 139 | 138 | 140 | 139 | 1.5 |
K | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.256 | 0.302 | 0.350 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.27 |
Heat challenge (H2) | ||||||||||||||
pH | 7.45 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.531 | 0.758 | 0.053 | 7.43 | 7.48 | 7.48 | 7.45 | 0.03 |
BHB | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.006 | 0.975 | 0.271 | 0.45 a | 0.49 ab | 0.62 c | 0.57 bc | 0.057 |
NEFA | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.612 | 0.159 | 0.091 | 0.08 ab | 0.08 ab | 0.07 a | 0.11 b | 0.020 |
Glucose | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0.105 | 0.102 | 0.024 | 0.571 | 0.406 | 3.2 ab | 3.1 a | 3.4 b | 3.4 b | 0.15 |
Haptoglobin | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.248 | 0.090 | 0.855 | 0.23 ab | 0.24 b | 0.21 a | 0.23 ab | 0.015 |
Na | 140 | 141 | 141 | 140 | 0.593 | 0.566 | 0.296 | 0.119 | 0.413 | 141 | 140 | 142 | 140 | 0.82 |
K | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 0.179 | 0.171 | 0.760 | 0.953 | 0.777 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.25 |
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Williams, S.R.O.; Moate, P.J.; Garner, J.B.; Hannah, M.C.; Giri, K.; Wales, W.J.; Marett, L.C. Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures. Animals 2023, 13, 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050867
Williams SRO, Moate PJ, Garner JB, Hannah MC, Giri K, Wales WJ, Marett LC. Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures. Animals. 2023; 13(5):867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050867
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliams, S. Richard O., Peter J. Moate, Josie B. Garner, Murray C. Hannah, Khageswor Giri, William J. Wales, and Leah C. Marett. 2023. "Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures" Animals 13, no. 5: 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050867
APA StyleWilliams, S. R. O., Moate, P. J., Garner, J. B., Hannah, M. C., Giri, K., Wales, W. J., & Marett, L. C. (2023). Dairy Cows Offered Fresh Chicory Instead of Ensiled Pasture during an Acute Heat Challenge Produced More Milk and Had Lower Body Temperatures. Animals, 13(5), 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050867