Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Equine Milk: Properties, Potentials, and Benefits
2.1. Equine Milk Compositional and Nutritional Features
2.2. Functional and Bioactive Compounds
3. Dairy Equine Management and Nutrition
3.1. Equine Milk Yield and Management of the Dairy Equine Enterprise
3.2. Equine Milk: Hygiene and Health Issues
3.3. Feeding the Dairy Equine and Pasture Management
3.3.1. Feeding the Dairy Horse
3.3.2. Feeding the Dairy Donkey
3.4. Pasture in the Dairy Equine Enterprise
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Horse | Donkey | Human | Cow |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total solids, g kg−1 | 103.1 | 95.3 | 125 | 127 |
Fat, g kg−1 | 10.3 | 7 | 35 | 41 |
Protein, g kg−1 | 16.8 | 16 | 12 | 34 |
Lactose, g kg−1 | 63 | 66 | 64 | 48 |
Ash, g kg−1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 7 |
Gross energy, MJ kg−1 | 1.98 | 1.75 | 2.69 | 3.19 |
Item | Horse | Donkey |
---|---|---|
Mean value | 11.66 | 2.68 |
s.d.2 | 5.3 | 1.96 |
Min | 3.9 | 0.72 |
Max | 17.2 | 6 |
Lactation, Month | Milk Yield, kg d−1 | Horse Feed Units *, n d−1 | Horse Digestible Crude Protein **, g d−1 | Dry Matter Intake, kg d−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 18 | 10.1 | 1131 | 13.5–18.0 |
2nd | 19.8 | 10.3 | 1091 | 15.0–19.0 |
3rd | 19.2 | 9.6 | 1030 | 15.0–19.0 |
4th | 17.4 | 9.1 | 844 | 13.5–18.0 |
5th | 13.2 | 7.9 | 629 | 12.5–15.0 |
6th | 12 | 7.6 | 603 | 10.5–13.0 |
Body Weight, kg | Gain, g d−1 | Horse Feed Units *, n d−1 | Horse Digestible Crude Protein **, g d−1 | Dry Matter Intake, kg d−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
249 | 1000–1200 | 6 | 647 | 6.0–8.0 |
207 | 800–900 | 4.8 | 497 | 5.5–7.5 |
Country | Crude Protein, g kg−1 | Crude Fiber, g kg−1 | Horse Feed Units *, n kg−1 |
---|---|---|---|
Finland | 200–230 | 180–200 | 0.69–0.73 |
France, lowlands | 131–168 | 244–276 | 0.76–0.82 |
France, uplands | 111–166 | 223–304 | 0.66–0.92 |
Italy, lowlands | 85–159 | 242–325 | 0.67–0.90 |
Italy, uplands | 117–155 | 285–345 | 0.63–0.85 |
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Miraglia, N.; Salimei, E.; Fantuz, F. Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review. Animals 2020, 10, 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020353
Miraglia N, Salimei E, Fantuz F. Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review. Animals. 2020; 10(2):353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020353
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiraglia, Nicoletta, Elisabetta Salimei, and Francesco Fantuz. 2020. "Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review" Animals 10, no. 2: 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020353
APA StyleMiraglia, N., Salimei, E., & Fantuz, F. (2020). Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review. Animals, 10(2), 353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020353